USABO
Peripheral proteins - ANS-Bound to the surface of the membrane
What are the 6 major functions of proteins? - ANS-Transport, enzymatic, signal,
cell-to-cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to cytoskeleton
Glycolipids - ANS-Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids
Glycoproteins - ANS-Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins
Transport proteins - ANS-Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the
membrane
Aquaporins - ANS-Water channel proteins
Diffusion - ANS-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
Concentration gradient - ANS-A difference in the concentration of a substance across a
distance
Passive transport - ANS-The movement of substances across a cell membrane without
the use of energy by the cell
Osmosis - ANS-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Tonicity - ANS-the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Isotonic - ANS-when the concentration of two solutions is the same
Hypertonic - ANS-Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the
cell to lose water (higher concentration of solutes inside cell)
Do hypertonic or hypotonic cells expand? Shrink? - ANS-Hypotonic, hypertonic
Hypotonic - ANS-Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell
to take up water (higher concentration of solutes outside cell)
,Osmoregulation - ANS-regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell
or organism
Turgid - ANS-swollen
Flaccid - ANS-Limp
Plasmolysis - ANS-Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water
Facilitated diffusion - ANS-Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes
through protein channels
Ion channels - ANS-channel proteins that transport ions
Gated channels - ANS-A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in
response to a particular stimulus.
Active transport - ANS-Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference
Sodium-potassium pump - ANS-a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport
sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
Membrane potential - ANS-The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane.
Electrochemical gradient - ANS-The combination of forces that acts on membrane
potential.
Electrogenic pump - ANS-a transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
Proton pump - ANS-An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to
transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a
membrane potential in the process.
Cotransport - ANS-occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of
other substances
Exocytosis - ANS-Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
,Endocytosis - ANS-process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the
cell membrane
Ligands - ANS-A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
Phagocytosis - ANS-Cell eating
Pinocytosis - ANS-Cell drinking
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - ANS-The uptake of specific molecules based on a
cell's receptor proteins
Metabolism - ANS-All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Metabolic pathway - ANS-A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex
molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.
Catabolic pathways - ANS-Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down
complex molecules into simpler compounds.
Anabolic pathways - ANS-Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build
complicated molecules from simpler ones.
Bioenergetics - ANS-the study of how energy flows through living organisms
Energy - ANS-the ability to do work
Kinetic energy - ANS-energy of motion
Heat / thermal energy - ANS-kinetic energy associated with the random movement of
atoms or molecules
Potential energy - ANS-stored energy
Chemical energy - ANS-Energy stored in chemical bonds
Thermodynamics - ANS-The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection
of matter.
, First law of thermodynamics - ANS-Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it
cannot be created or destroyed.
Entropy - ANS-A measure of disorder or randomness.
Second law of thermodynamics - ANS-Every energy transfer or transformation
increases the entropy of the universe.
Spontaneous process - ANS-A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a
process that is energetically favorable.
Free energy - ANS-energy that is available to do work
Change in free energy formula - ANS-ΔG=ΔH-TΔS
Exergonic reaction - ANS-A chemical reaction that releases energy
Endergonic reaction - ANS-Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
Energy coupling - ANS-The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
Chemical work - ANS-the making and breaking of chemical bonds
Transport work - ANS-the pumping of substances across membranes against the
direction of spontaneous movement
Mechanical work - ANS-cell motility and movement of structures within cells
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - ANS-main energy source that cells use for most of their
work
Phosphorylated intermediate - ANS-A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate
group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the
unphosphorylated molecule.
Catalyst - ANS-substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme - ANS-protein that acts as a biological catalyst
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