Lymphocytes that migrate through the _______ become T cells. - ANS-thymus
T cell receptors recognize antigens presented on ________. - ANS-MHC
________ _________ responds to intracellular antigens; _________ ___responds to
antigens in body fluids - ANS-Cellular immunity; humoral immunity
Cells of the immune system communicate with each other by means of chemicals called
_________. - ANS-cytokines
___________ (IL) are cytokines that serve as
communicators between leukocytes. __________ cause leukocytes to migrate to an
infection. - ANS-Interleukins; Chemokines
Some _________ stimulate the immune response; others protect cells against viruses. -
ANS-interferons
_________ ________ factor promotes the inflammatory reaction. - ANS-Tumor necrosis
, _____________ _________ promote development of white blood cells. -
ANS-Hematopoietic cytokines
Overproduction of cytokines leads to a _________ ________, which results in tissue
damage. - ANS-cytokine storm
An _________ (or immunogen) is a chemical substance that causes the body to
produce specific antibodies. - ANS-antigen
As a rule, antigens are proteins or large ______________________. -
ANS-polysaccharides.
Antibodies are formed against specific regions on antigens called ___________, or
___________ ____________. - ANS-epitopes; antigenic determinants
A ________ is a low molecular-weight substance that cannot cause the formation of
antibodies unless combined with a _________ ________. - ANS-hapten; carrier
molecule
Haptens react with their ____________ independently of the carrier molecule. -
ANS-antibodies
An antibody, or immunoglobulin, is a protein produced by ___ ______ in response to an
antigen and is capable of combining specifically with that antigen. - ANS-B cells
Typical monomers consist of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains and two light
chains.
Within each chain is a variable (V) region that binds the _________ and a constant (C)
region that distinguishes the different ______ ____ _________. - ANS-epitope; classes
of antibodies
An antibody monomer is __-shaped or ___-shaped: the V regions form the ______; the
C regions form the ______ and
____ (stem) region.
The FC region can attach to a host cell or to complement. - ANS-Y; T; tips; base; FC
IgG antibodies are the most prevalent in
_______; they provide naturally acquired __________ immunity, neutralize bacterial
_______, participate in complement fixation, and enhance _________. - ANS-serum;
passive; toxins; phagocytosis
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