This document has different topics covered in IB till Class 10 and it is about all the different historic topics around the world, it has specific times and notes and people who were the main part.
Civil Rights
- It guarantees equal protection and social opportunities under the law regardless of race
or religion.
- This includes the right to vote, use public services, and government facilities, and a fair
trial of government services.
- This was an umbrella term for the many varieties of activism that sought to secure full
political, social and economic rights for African Americans from 1946 to 1968.
- Social protests are a form of political expression that aims to bring social and political
change.
- Change - this brought a significant difference in the society's function today.
- Fairness and equality of societies - the result of protest and civil rights is why we have a
fair and equal society.
- Emancipation: (freeing from slavery) is the promise of poverty
- Though slavery was over, the blacks' lives seemed very difficult.
- The brutalities of the white race prejudice persisted.
- Southern part of America issued laws called black codes after the slavery was over.
- These codes stated that it was legal to sue in courts, to marry and have their own
property, and illegal to serve as jurors, testify then and serve as militaries.
- The black have to have crops and tentative farmers signed annual labor contracts with
the white landowners. They paid land rent by giving the landowner a portion of the crops.
- In the south, families, churches and schools became the center of black life after slavery.
Black women preferred to be homemakers. The churches became centers of African
American culture and community.
- The church were the learning centers and socializing, political organization centers.
- Dread scott rule - the slaves did not count as people and couldn’t vote or sue.
- The key factors that led to the civil rights movement:
- How did it start? The civil rights movement began in the 1960’s but there was more that
happened before it, basically when emancipation was signed in 1870 stating the black were
no more prone to slavery. By this the black’s misery didn’t end, the 3 amendments were
passed, the 13th, 14th, 15th amendments, one of which stated the rights for black men to
vote. But soon none of the states followed the laws and made discriminatory state laws. Now
the black codes had been installed and the blacks were excluded complete from the society,
the jim crows laws of segregation was made and passed, from 1870-1954 this made the
blacks life even harder, the wife's preferred home stay, all students and meetings were held
at black churches and they still had no voting rights. Then came the plessy v Ferguson that
stated that “separate but equal” this was caused by the train incident, where both of them
brought the segregation of trains to the court. But still there were literacy tests were, in order
for a black man to vote, they had to answer ridiculous questions which were not required, no
one passed, but if they did then they had to pay a poll tax of 1-2$ this was a high amount to
pay because the average income a year was 70-80$ Later in 1950’s the actual movement
started. It started because of the Montgomery bus boycott, where Rosa Parks, a member of
NAACP, refused to lend her seat to a white person that got her arrested and she had to pay
, a fine for compensating. The NAACP took this as a perfect reason in order to get
segregation in forward towards the court. They did a bus boycott, at that time only African
Americans used the buses, but during the boycott, they either walked or cycled, This caused
the transportation in America to suffer a huge loss. Now after 381 days, the court declared
the separate but equal was abolished and desegregation transportation, mostly buses, was
removed. The people were content, ut they wanted to test the same, hence members f the
national islam, the free riders, wanted to test if this had been followed, so they set a long
route on the bus but at last in the summer 400 riders were arrested for doing so, hence this
was not implemented fully. Now this was for transportation, but in the 1950's the education
system was to a fault too, black could not attend white schools, this is the reason, a man
named oliver brown was angry at the laws, because his daughter was not allowed to te white
school and now had to travel to a further black school. He protested in the court and to help
him there was a NAACP lawyer who won the case and desegregation was implemented form
schools now. But the little rock nine is an incident where they wanted to test this law and sent
9 students to a school, but then 8 of them were informed to halt, but when one of the girls
attended he school she was criticized, later slowly, all schools were desegregated and
earned their rights. Now All that is happening is the factors that led to the civil rights
movement. Now in order to get the civil rights act 1964 and 1965, there were marches and
the media involved. 1st Martin luther king jr wanted to test if birmingham was actually know
for the entitlement”the most segregated city” and his assumptions was right it happened as
he expected, the police and the force, brutally violated many f the citizens and this actually
affected the citizens, strong water hoses and viciou dogs all affected till they left. Now the
march in Washington and the “I have a dream speech” was planned out 10 years back to get
the rights, more than 200,000 people were present near the memorial of Lincoln where the
emancipation proclamation was signed. This day Dr.King gave a speech encouraging
everyone to protest for voting rights and how he sets to see the world, were white and black
sit at the same dinner table. After a lot of pressure, when kennedy the president was going
to sign the civil rights ct in 1963, his assination terrorized the Africans, but later the next
president Jhonson, was there and carried out kennedy’s legacy and this was when the civil
rights act was signed which stated that the there should be no discrimination, houses,
education and at work. Now after these Clark white men had shoved Annie Lee and a hotel
manager, many citizens later started this march on March 7th , they crossed the bridge with
Dr. King it was supposed to be peaceful, but clark with the officers, field and murdered many
which was then known as the bloody sunday. This grew a lot of attention and then again
many more people joined and when they were about to leave they came to a halt, and turned
around and this is known as the turnaround tuesday. The last march was a peaceful march
which a much larger population and national guards, clark was scared to get defeated and
surrendered himself. After this incident in 1965, the voting rights act was passed, it was
delayed purposely and now the literacy tests were roome, that same year many africans
voted and the average income grew. The factors here are basically the boycotts, the
marches, the direct sit ins(greensboro where 4 friends sat pro peacefully at a white only
lunch counter no police could do anything and they continued, to peacefully protect and this
was later after 6 months segregation was removed from restaurants) , protests, and the
speeches, influenced the civil rights movement.
-
,Reconstruction era
- It was a period from 1865 to 1877
- The south were being endorsers for slavery, but the north wasn’t.
- In the north there was still prejudice and discrimination against the black, they were
made to live in the worst areas and received half of the daily wages, the migration of the
black’s from the south created racial tensions.
- Later the congress passed and enforced laws that promoted civil and political rights for
African Americams.
- The most notable were the 3 amendments : 13th amendment to end slavery, 14th
amendment guaranteed African American the right for citizenship, opposed dred scott
rule. The 15th amendment guaranteed black men the constitutional right to vote.
- This encompassed the 3 major initiatives:
- Unite southern states into unions(laws and infrastructure)
- Transformation of the southern society: money, infrastructure given , laws
industrialisation, right to create social and political laws.
- Bring free/equality to African Americans : sparked the 1960 civil rights movement.
Lincoln:
- In December 1863, president Lincoln proposed a reconstruction program that would
confederate states to establish new state governments after 10% of their male
population, took loyalty oaths and the states recognized the permanent freedom of
formerly enslaved people.
- The radical republicans believed to ensure to not let the southern states to secede they
had to transform the entire of the south.
- The radicals attempted to reshape the south by franchising the black pulling unionists
and pro republican government in the southern legislation, punishing southern planets
elites, who manu held responsible for civil war.
- This era was a mixed success. Because the north and the south reunited, southerners
abolished slavery, restating the debate of states rights vs federalism. But failed due to
black codes and Rutherford ordered freedom troops to leave the south.
The KKK:
- The Klu Klux Klan founded by Nathan Bedford was a white supermacist terrorist group
that emerged during the reconstruction they referred to themselves as the invisible
empire of the south.
- It took violent steps to undermine the republicans party, hoping to maintain the black
economy instability and ensure white racial and economic stability
- Congress Countered the KK with the force acts and the KKK acts of 1871, which made
klan violence and political enlemendation illegal under federal law.
, - Republicans lost hold within the south largely due to human violence allowing the south
to maintain a ruling racial order that morphed into jim crow,
- With no troops to enforce the amendments, reconstruction was coming to an end.
Access the the south lynching, disfranchisement and degredration laws rifited.
Jim crow segregation:
- He was a stupid slave and a stock character in the minstrel shows.
- Started from 1877-1954
- Involved loss of voting rights for Africans, separate public accommodation all of these
were not given, but Africans had to pay tax, no exchange of public freedom.
- The segregation was not legal.
- Mentioned whites were chosen by god and they were superior, and the black were
cursed
- Not equal scared of sexual relations.
- Compromise of 1877
- The military forces shouldn’t interfere with the south or give up the 14th amendment.
- Transcontinental railway line will be built
- To help the south industrialize and improve its economy.
Plessy Vs Ferguson:
- In the supreme court in 1896, in the case of this it ruled that individual states could
impose segregation as long as segregated facilities such as schools and hospitals were
“separate but equal”, this was false as the facilities for the black were vastly inferior.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
- December 1955, Montgomery, Alabama
- Rosa Parks(Black)refused to give up her seat to a white man and stood at the back of
the bus as required by the law.
- She was arrested + fined 10$
- Parks was a NAACP activist
- NAACP used Rosa’s case to highlight in fairness and discrimination
- Day of trial for Parks, NAACP organized 24hr bus boycott damaged a lot.
- Nobody rode the bus
- Slogan for protest “ People, don’t ride the bus today. Don’t ride it for freedom.”
- Young baptist preacher Martin Luther king was chosen to lead the protest - believed in
Nonviolent political protest.
- Boycott lasted for 381 days
- Finally the supreme court ruled that segregation in buses was unconstitutional -
segregation was illegal.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller venkatraghav1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $10.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
