☆ Full attachment notes, condensed yet detailed enough to reach highest marks
☆ Key psychologists and case studies
☆ High quality - I used multiple sources including AQA Textbooks, Powerpoints etc.
☆ Diagrams and other images included to boost studying effectively
* Attachment is an emotional tie or bond between two
people ,
usually a
primary caregiver and a child
.
3 The (shared) it
relationship is reciprocal , which means that a
two-way relationship that endures over time
.
RECIPROCITY
* Reciprocity is when an infant responds to the actions of another in form of
turn-taking With
person a
.
reciprocity , the actions of one
person (ive caregive elicits a
response from the other (ie the infant)
.
* Brezelton et d .
(1975) describe this interaction as a dance' because when a
couple dance together they
respond to anothers movement
each one and
rhythm .
* Feldman (2007) ,
reciprocity increases in
frequency as the infant and
coreginer pay increasing attention to each other's
veoal and facial communications
.
It is suggested that this sensitive the attention sensitively
showing responsiveness whereby caregiver pays
-
,
infant's foundations for attachment to later between
towards the behaviour ,
will lay the
strong develop the
caregiver and infant .
INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY
* expressions).
Interactional
synchrony takes
place when infants mirror actions or emotions of another
person (eg · facial
↳ This referred to imitation adult's
mirroring can also be as or
simply copying the behaviour
.
* In this caregiver infant interaction the child will move their
body out the same act as their
or
carry
-
caregiver simultaneously and the two are said to be synchronised (in sync) .
* This interaction serves to sustain communication between the two individuals
.
MELTZOFF AND MOORE (1977)
AIM :
To interactional in infants
examine
synchrony .
of
METHOD :
Using a controlled observation ,
an edult model
displayed one three facid expressions , or hand .
gesture
1 start child had placed in his/her mouth to
prevent facial
.
To with ,
the a
dummy a
response
.
.
2
Following the
display from a dult
the model ,
the dummy was removed and the child's expressions
were filmed
.
·
RESULTS : There was a clear association between the infant's behaviour and that of the adult model . Later
research
by Meltzoff and Moore (1983) found the same
findings in
three-day-old infants .
These interestiend innate of
CONCLUSION
findings suggest that
synchrony is and reduces the strength
:
any
claim that unitative behaviour is learned
.
EVALUATION :
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
RELIABILITY OF TESTING INFANTS
P :
Research has been criticised on the premise that infant behaviour is difficult to reliably test .
E :
This is because it is difficult to
distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviours
.
For example ,
Infant's mouths are
constantly moving and
they frequently smile/ yown/poke their
tongue out
,
which are tested expressions in research
.
difficult
L Therefore it to know whether behaviour whether it
naturally
:
, is is a
response ,
or is
ocaving
.
:
C However Meltzoff and Moore independent watched videos of
, overcame this
by using assessors who
infant
responses and made judgements on what was
being imitated ,
increasining the intena validity
.
, FAILURE TO REPLICATE
P limitation creginer-infant interactions failed to
:
A of into
research is that other research has
replicate
and
findings support the theories
.
E :
Koepke (1983) failed to
replicate Meltzoff and Moore's
findings ,
however Koepke was criticised for
being less
carefully controlled
.
E Furthermore Marian tried
et d to
replicate the study by Murray and Trevathen and found that
:
.
,
infants couldn't interactions
distinguish live from videotaped with mothers
. This suggests that the infants
e re
not
actually responding to the adult ,
and behaviour is wisted due to chance /rather than intentional)
.
L :
Therefore ,
evidence from other research casts doubt on these theories
·
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
P :
Another limitation of the that it not the individual differences between infants
theory is does consider
that effect their behaviours .
may
E :
Isabells et d (1989) found that more
strongly attached infant core-giver pairs showed greater interactional
between attachment and interactional
synchrony ,
suggesting a link
synchrony
.
E :
In addition ,
Heimann (1989) showed that infants who demonstrate a let of imitation from
bith orwards
have been found to have a better quality of relationship at three months , although cause and effect
is not dear
7 Therefore limitation all
of
theory infants respond
:
,
a this is that it assumes will in the same way , when
in
reality it be different from infant to infant
may
.
RESEARCH SUPPORT
P :
A
strength of these caregiver -
infant theories is that research has been conducted that
supports that
behaviour is intentional .
E :
Abravanel and DeYong (1991) observed infant behaviour when
interacting with two manimate objects ,
one
stimulating tongue movements and the other opening/closing the mouth
.
E :
They found that infants /median age 5-12 weeks) made little response to the
objects
.
1 don't
this that infants imitate it
specific
:
Therefore , concludes just anything they see ; is a
response to
other humans of infant interactions
supporting the idea caregiver .
-
,
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