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Summary biology

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Enhance your understanding of biology with my comprehensive bio notes! Covering key concepts in cell biology, genetics, ecology, and human physiology, these notes are concise, well-organized, and easy to understand. Perfect for students aiming to excel in exams or anyone looking to deepen their kno...

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  • June 18, 2024
  • 16
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary
  • Secondary school
  • 5
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PROPERTIES OF WATER AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN A CELL
• Polarity of water
• Cohesive force and adhesive force of water
• Specific heat capacity of water

POLARITY OF WATER
• Water is an inorganic compound consisting of the
hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) elements.
• Water molecules are polar molecules because shared
electrons between oxygen and hydrogen will be
attracted towards oxygen which is more
electronegative (δ–).
• This polarity produces hydrogen bonds and allows
water to act as a universal solvent
• The universal solvent properties of water allow
solutes such as glucose and electrolytes to be
transported through the plasma membranes into
cells for biochemical reactions.

COHESIVE FORCE AND ADHESIVE FORCE OF WATER
• Water molecules are attached to each other through
a cohesive force.
• At the same time, water molecules are also attached
to other surfaces through adhesive force.
• Both forces produce the capillary action which allow
water to enter and move along narrow spaces, such
as in the xylem tube.



SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER
• Water has a high specific heat capacity of 4.2 kJ kg-1
°C-1.
• This means that 4.2 kJ of heat energy is required to
raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1°C.
• Water absorbs a lot of heat energy with a small rise
in temperature. This characteristic is very important
to maintain the body temperature of organisms



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• Types of carbohydrates



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Disaccharides




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