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AP Psychology Crash Course Terms Questions with 100% Actual correct answers | verified | latest update | Graded A+ | Already Passed | Complete Solution

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  • June 18, 2024
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AP Psychology Crash Course Terms
Absolute threshold - 1. The minimum amount to a stimulus that an observer can
reliably detect at least 50% of the time.
2. Ex. The human visual system can barely detect a candle flame at a distance of
about 30 miles on a clear, dark night.

Absolute Threshold - The minimum intensity at which a stimulus can be detected
at least 50% of the time. (Humans can barely detect a candle flame from 30
miles away on a clear, dark night).

Accommodation - The process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones
to incorporate new information

Acetylcholine - Functions: Learning and memory, and muscle contraction.
Disease Associated With: Alzheimer's disease and Muscular disorders

Achievement motivation - The drive to succeed, especially in competition with
others. Individuals who have a strong need for achievement seek out task that
are moderately difficult.

Action Potential - 1. A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted
along the axon of a neuron.
2. All neurons have a charge associated with them because of the concentration
of various ions ring transported into and out of the cell. A cell at rest have a
resting membrane potential of approximately a -70mV. Both sodium and
potassium channels are closed

Action Potential - A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted
along the axon of a neuron

Adrenal glands - located on top of the kidneys. In an emergency, the adrenal
glands secrete hormones that cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure,
and sugar levels, while simultaneously reducing blood flow to the digestive
system

,Advantages of correlation studies - 1. Used to describe or clarify a relationship
between two variables.
2. Can be an efficient way to utilize preexisting data.
3. Can be used to dispel illusory correlations

Advantages of Experiments - 1. Enable researchers to identify cause-and-effect
relationships
2. Enable researchers to distinguish between real and placebo effects
3. Enable researchers to control bias by using a double-blind study
4. Enable researchers to manipulate the independent variable
5. Enable researchers to replicate a study thus increasing confidence that the
independent variable influences the dependent variable

Agonists - Drugs that mimic the effect of the neurotransmitter

Algorithm - A logical, step-by-step procedure that, if followed correctly, will
eventually solve a specific problem.

All-Or-Nothing Law - The principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated
and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an
action potential doesn't occur

Amygdala - An almond-shaped part of the limbic system linked to the regulation
of emotional responses, especially fear.

Amygdala - Linked to the production and regulation of emotions such as
aggression, fear, and disgust.

Animal research studies - 1. Must have a clear scientific purpose
2. Must provide humane living conditions for animal subjects.
3. Must legally acquire animal subjects from accredited companies.
4. Must employ the least amount of suffering feasible.
5. 10% of research is done with nonhuman animals. 90% of the nonhuman
animals are rats, mice, and pigeons.

Antagonists - Drugs that inhibit the effect of the neurotransmitter

,Anterograde Amnesia - People who suffer from _ _ are unable to form new
memories

Assimilation - The process of absorbing new information into an existing schema.

auditory canal - Sound waves travel down the _ _ and bounce into the ear drum

Authoritarian Style of Parenting - Parents set rigid rules, enforce strict
punishments, and Arely listen to their child's point of view.

Authoritative Style of Parenting - Parents set firm rules, make reasonable
demands, and listen to their child's view point while still insisting on responsible
behavior.

Availability Heuristic - Judging the likelihood of an event based on readily
available personal experiences or news reports (news of a plane crash causes a
family to cancel their plane reservation and drive 750miles in their car instead).

Axon - Conduit that communicates the signal down the neuron and away from
the cell body

Basilar membrane - 1. Runs the length of the cochlea
2. Holds the hair cell receptors for hearing

Behavioral Perspective - 1. Behaviorists believe that both conscious and
unconscious mental processes are unobservable. Focuses scientific
investigations on observable behaviors that can be objectively measured. Believe
that human behavior is learned and can be controlled through the presence or
absence of rewards and punishments
2. Behaviorism emerged from the pioneering work of the Russian physiologist
Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov demonstrated that much behavior among animals is learned
rather than instinctive
3. American psychologist John B. Watson applied Pavlov's line of reasoning to
human behavior. Watson believed that human beings could be socialized in any
direction through learning.

, 4. Watson's ideas had a great influences on the thinking of B. F. Skinner.
Skinner's experiments and writings made him the leading advocate of
behaviorism.

Behavioral perspective - Emerged from the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov, John
B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Emphasizes observable behavior that can be
objectively measured.

Biological perspective - Emphasizes genetics, the roles of various parts of the
brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells.

Biological Perspective - Psychologists who employ the _ _ study the physical
bases of human and animal behavior

Bipolar cells - Specialized neurons that connect the rods and cones with he
ganglion cells

Blind spot - The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye and where there are
no rods or cones

Blind-Spot - The point at the back of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the
eye. Since there are no visual receptor cells, this creates a small gap in field
vision called the "blind spot"

Body senses - _ _ provide essential information about your position and
orientation in space

Case Studies - 1. An in-depth examination of a single research participant.
2. Enable researchers to obtain detailed knowledge about a person. Provide an
opportunity to conduct in-depth studies of rare and unusual cases.
3. Can't be used to establish cause-and-effect relationships. Susceptible to
inaccurate reporting and the subject's biased views.

Case Study - An in-dept examination of a single research participant

Cell body or soma - The large portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus and
the organelles; receives messages from the dendrites.

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