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APHY 102 Ivy Tech Fall with 100% correct answers | verified | latest update 2024
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APHY 102 Ivy Tech FallReleasing hormones from the hypothalamus - ANS-Who regulates pituitary gland
secretion?
Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone. - ANS-What is a
hormone and how does it act?
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates
into glucose and it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of
noncarbohydrates into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose
and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration and promotes
transport of amino acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of proteins and fats.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon breaks down
glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from glucose. - ANS-Compare and
contrast glucagon and insulin
is a chemical signal sent between members of the same species. Are a type of hormone
that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction between
people. - ANS-How are pheromones different than hormones
Inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback. This action prevents over
secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by
anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein hormone. - ANS-How is inhibin used in the
body?
a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells - ANS-What is a
paracrine gland?
A secretion that only affects the secreting cell. - ANS-What is an autocrine gland?
Secretes hormones into the internal environment - ANS-What is an endocrine gland?
have secretions that enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces. - ANS-What are
exocrine glands?
,is the impairment of ADH regulation of water balance. Tumors and injury affecting the
hypothalamus and posterior pituitary can cause this. You are always thirsty and have
large amounts of urine output. - ANS-What is diabetes insipidus?
There are two kinds - type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 is when the pancreas cannot produce insulin. It is an autoimmune disorder in
which the immune system attacks the pancreatic beta cells. This destroys the ability to
produce insulin.
Type 2 is non insulin dependents. Cells lose their insulin receptors and are less able to
respond to insulin. Insulin - ANS-What is diabetes mellitus?
Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor
molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA.
mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins
produce hormone's specific effects. They are derived from cholesterol. Vitamin D is a
modified steroid. - ANS-Describe steroid hormones
Stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones. The hypothalamus controls the
anterior pituitary glands release of this type of hormone - ANS-Describe tropic
hormones
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC count is
usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. WBC are
usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are usually 150,000-450,000 per
cubic mm of blood. Normal blood pH is between 7.35 - 7.45 - ANS-Describe normal
blood: number of each cell type, pH.
When a Rh negative mother is pregnant with a Rh positive baby, the 1st pregnancy will
probably be ok. But if the Rh positive baby's blood gets into the mother's blood
circulation like with the placenta tearing then they can stimulate the mother's blood to
start producing anti Rh antibodies. If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh
positive baby, then the anti Rh antibodies called hemolysins can cross the placenta and
destroy the fetal red blood cells. The condition is called erythroblastosis fetalis. -
ANS-How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A Anti - B
B B Anti - A
AB A & B Neither anti A or anti B
,O Neither A or B Both anti A & anti B - ANS-What antigens can be found on RBC? What
antibodies can be found on Plasma?
The different combinations of antigens and antibodies distinguish blood type - ANS-How
do antigens and antibodies create different blood types?
Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight infections,
elevated in bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight allergic reactions
and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of WBCs.
Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and heparin, <1% of
WBCs.
Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei, become
macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.
Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin
rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs. -
ANS-Differentiate between the different leukocytes.
Granulocytes and develop in the red bone marrow - ANS-Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and
Basophils are what type of cells and where do they originate from?
Agranulocyte, and come from the red bone marrow, but lymphocytes also come from
the organs of the lymphatic system. - ANS-Where do monocytes and lymphocytes come
from and what type of cell are they?
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to
the body's tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that
occur. - ANS-Compare the formed elements of the blood.
Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
, 3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically). - ANS-Describe
the steps in clot formation.
Type A blood can receive either type A or type O blood and can give to either type A or
type AB blood.
Type B can receive either type B or type O and can give to either type B or type AB
blood.
Type AB is the universal recipient and can receive types A, B, and O blood, but can only
give to type AB blood.
Type O is the universal donor so it can only receive blood from type O, but can give
blood to types A, B, and O blood. - ANS-What blood types can give/receive to/from
other blood types?
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood. - ANS-What are normal levels and percentages of RBC.
4,500 - 10,000 - ANS-What is normal levels of WBC
150,000 - 450,000 - ANS-What is normal level of platelets
Plasma minus all of its fibrinogen and most other clotting factors. It is the fluid portion of
coagulated blood. - ANS-What is serum?
The liquid part of the blood in which cells and platelets are suspended. It is 92 % water
and contains organic and inorganic biochemical. They transport nutrients, gases, and
vitamins. It helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and maintaining pH. - ANS-What
is plasma?
Most blood samples are about 45% red blood cells by volume. This is also known as
packed cell volume. - ANS-What is the hematocrit?
It is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. BP = CO x PR. Cardiac
output depends on the stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is the amount of
blood pumped in a single beat and is reflected by the difference between end diastolic,
the volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole and end systolic
volume, the volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole. The
vasomotor center of the medulla oblongata continually sends sympathetic impulses to
the smooth muscles in the arteriole walls keeping them in a state of tonic contraction
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