Control and coordination notes of biology class 10 easy notes with examples and diagram,and labelling of diagrams,short notes,easy to understand and read,all topics covered
CONTROL AND COORDINATION
All living organisms including plants and animals respond and react to environmental factors or stimuli. There is necessity to
develop some system for control & coordination of various body organs. In multicellular organisms, specialized tissue is
used for control & coordination activities. Control & coordination in animals are provided by nervous & muscular tissues.
Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals.
NERVOUS SYSTEM:
It is the system of conducting tissues that receives the stimulus and transmits it to other parts of the body forming a
network.
The nervous system comprise of – Neurons, Nerves and Nervous organs which controls, link & coordinate activities
of different organs of the body.
Vertebrate Nervous System consists of Three parts-
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Includes Brain & Spinal cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes Peripheral Nerves (Nerves which originate from CNS i.e. Brain &
spinal cord).
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Includes Autonomic Nerves (Nerves which originate from peripheral
nerves & spinal nerves).
Function of Nervous system:-
1. It regulates involuntary action (Action which are not controlled by our Will).
2. It controls and coordinates voluntary muscular activities.
3. It enables us to think reason & remember.
4. It controls all reflex actions in our body thus protecting it from harm.
RECEPTER: it is a cell or group of cells specialized to detect particular stimulus and to initiate the transmission of impulse via
the sensory nerves.
E.g.-
SL. NO. RECEPTOR STIMULUS ORGAN
1 Photoreceptor Light Eye
2 Phonoreceptor Sound Ears
3 Gustatoreceptor Taste tongue
4 Olphactotoreceptor Smell Nose
5 Thigmoreceptor touch Skin
UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: NERVE CELLS/ NEURONS:
Neurons are the longest cell of animal body.
Neuron does not divide after its formation because of longer length and lack of centriole.
About 12 billion neurons are in human body. The highest number of nerves cells is found at the time of our birth.
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STRUCTURAL DETAIL OF NEURON:-
SYNAPSES: association of neurons i.e. junction between the associated neurons or nerves cells i.e. between Axon ending of
one neuron and the Dendrite of the next. (Was discovered first by Sir Charles Sherington, who is called father of modern
Neurophysiology)
Function of neuron: - Formation and Conduction of Nerve impulse.
NERVE IMPULSE: - it is the information in the form of chemical and electrical signals passing through neurons.
“It can be defined as Physiochemical (due to formation) Message ( due to conductive activity) of Electrical ( due to wave like
conduction) activity.
Nerve impulse is considered as Secret of life.
Nerve impulse is formed due to potential difference inside and outside the cell membrane of nerve cells due to Na
and K ions.
TYPES OF NERVES CELLS: nerve cells are of Three types on the basis of direction of conduction of nerve impulse:-
1. Sensory (or Afferent) Nerve: Conduct nerve impulse from organs to the CNS i.e. towards CNS.
2. Motor (or Efferent) Nerve: Conduct nerve impulse from CNS to the Organs i.e. away from CNS.
3. Mixed nerve: Conduct nerve impulse both towards & away from the CNS.
TRANSIMISSION OF NERVY IMPULSE:
The information acquired at the end of the dendrite tip of a neuron, sets off a chemical reaction which creates an electrical
impulse. This impulse travel from a Dendrite to the Cyton along the Axon to its end. At the end of the Axon, the electrical
impulse sets off the release of some chemical, which cross the Synapse and starts a similar impulse in a Dendrite of the next
neuron. In this way nerve impulse travels in the body.
A similar synapse allows impulse from neurons to other cells such as muscle cells or glands.
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