This includes all of the most important information of all of organic chemistry such as synthetic routes, functional groups, nitration of benzene, chlorination of benzene (etc). This includes diagrams and steps for the explanations.
Samenvatting Ib Course Book Chemistry 2014 - Scheikunde
Option D: Medicinal Chemistry (IB Chemistry)
Chapter 11 & 21, Measurements & Data Processing (IB Chemistry)
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III
Functional group Suffix General formula Example
-P -ane
H
Alkanes CnHan Propane
+ 2
Alkenes HCH
-ene En Han but-2-ene
C = C Alkenyl
&
Alkynes -yne EnHan-z but -2 -yne CHzCECCHz
-
C =
cyny)
Arenes
-
I
benzene
-
E
-pheny
E In Han-6 Colty -
-
Halogenoalkanes -
EnHan iX 2-chlorobutane
-
:F
+
-X (
:
Alcohols -ol ROH butan-2-ol -c c - -
c -
-
H
I
Ketones
carbony -one
propanone
i I
co
Aldehydes
alden -al R CHO ethanal -i -
-H
Carboxylic acids ethanoic acid c c
-oic acid R Cool
- -
CP H
I
carboxy)
-
Oester methyl ethanoate
!
Esters -oate
- RCOOR
Ethers -
o -
ROR ethoxyethane
-
H
Amines propan - 1-amine -- c =
-
-
-
N - -
N
-amine RNH2 RNHR RN(R) R
,
N-methylethanamine
, ,
4 v-
-
-
-
Amides
- Pamido -amide RCON ethanamide -
i co
I
-
NHz
Nitriles Cen propanenitrile
- -nitrile RCN
-- -
c = v
, Homologous series Alkane Alcohol Green chemistry
• make one compound from a different compound
• each member has the same functional group Ch ,
Sc CHz [CH- • harming nature as minimal as possible
• each member has the same general formula OH
CzHg CHy
-
• each members has similar chemical properties Olt Not considered in green chemistry:
CyHq
-
CyH
• waste water management
,o
• can members differ by CH2 or 8 electrons 12. Accident
• members have gradually changing physical properties (ex, boiling point, melting point, density) • waste sea management 11. Pollution prevention
prevention 1. Prevent waste
• as homologous series ascends, size of molecule increases (ex increases boiling point) A
7
D
10. Design for 2. Atom economy
degradation
7
&
Primary, secondary, tertiary carbon (1,2,3 degrees)
Green chemistry S 3. Less hazardous synthesis
9. Use catalyst *
CH
3
2Hz
↑
PH3 8. Reduce derivatives
↓
*
4. Safer chemicals
↑
C C X
H C CHz 5. Safer solvent & conditions
-
CHz
-
↳ z
7. Using renewable
-
6. Increase
ciz
I I
feedstock energy efficiency
H H
-
20
10 30 Aromatic reaction pathway
• these reactions involve the replacement of one substituent on the ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon,
commonly a H-atom, by a different substitution group
Primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols
-
C-
↑
↑
↑
T -
Benzene
30260
conc
-
. HNOz/HeS04
Nitrobenzene Reduction
ra -
Aneline (phenylamine)
↑
Substitution reaction,
-i c
↑
-i -
of
- -
c
I
-
c
I
-
I
C -
C
I
Electrophilic
I I
I OH
Ol
:
3
i
&
2
# carbons attached to the carbon bonded OH
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