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Summary Development, Learning and Behaviour glossary
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All the terms used for the course Development, Learning and Behaviour are given in the book “How Children Develop”.
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Samenvatting ontwikkelings- en onderwijspsychologie
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Samenvatting + Begrippenlijst Development, Learning & Behavior
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Samenvatting Development, Learning and Behavior: 201700107
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Begrippen DLBHoofdstuk 1:
Begrippen 1.1:
- Meta-analysis = a method for combining the results from independent studies to reach
conclusions based on all of them.
- Amygdala = an area of the brain that is involved in emotional reactions.
Begrippen 1.3:
- Nature = our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents.
- Nurture = the environments, both physical and social, that influence our
development.
- Genome = each person’s complete set of hereditary information.
- Epigenetics = the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the
environment.
- Methylation = a biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene
activity and expression.
- Continuous development = the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small
increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller.
- Discontinuous development = the idea thet changes with age include occasional large
shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly.
- Stage theories = approaches proposing that development involves a series of large,
discontinuous, age-related phases.
- Cognitive development = the development of thinking and reasoning.
- Neurotransmitters = chemicals involved in communication among brain cells.
- Sociocultural context = the physical, social, cultural, economic, ad historical
circumstances that make up any child’s environment.
- Socioeconomic status (SES) = a measure of social class based on income and
education.
- Cumulative risk = the accumulation of disadvantages over years of development.
Begrippen 1.4:
- Scientific method = an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question,
formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, ad drawing a conclusion.
- Hypotheses = testable predictions of the presence or absence of phenomena or
relations.
- Reliability = the degree to which idependent measurements of a given behavior are
consistent.
- Interrater reliability = the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters
who witness the same behavior.
- Test-retest reliability = the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on two
or more occasions.
- Validity = the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure/
,- Internal validity = the degree to which effects observed within experiments con be
attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing.
- External validity = the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the
particulars of the research.
- Structured interview = a research procedure in which all participants are asked to
answer the same questions.
- Questioaire = the method that allows researchers to gather iformation from a large
number of participants simultaneously by presenting them a uniform set of printed
questions.
- Clinical interview = a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the
answers the interviewee provides.
- Naturalistic observation = examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not
controlled by the researcher.
- Structured observation = a method that involves presenting an identical situation to
each participant and recording the participant’s behavior.
, Hoofdstuk 2:
Begrippen 2.1:
- Epigenesis = the emergence of new structures and functions in the course of
development.
- Gametes (germ cells) = reproductive cells (egg and sperm) that contain only half the
genetic material of all the other cells in the body.
- Meiosis = cell division that produces gametes.
- Conception = the union of an egg from the mother and a sperm from the father.
- Zygote = a fertilized egg cell.
- Embryo = the developing organism from the 3rd to 8th week of prenatal development.
- Fetus = the developing organism from the 9th week to birth.
- Mitosis = cell division that results in two identical cells..
- Embryonic stem cells = embryonic cells, which can develop into a type of body cell.
- Apoptosis = genetically programmed cell death.
- Identical (monozygotic) twins = twins that result from the splitting in half of the
zygote, resulting in each of the two resulting zygotes having exactly the same set of
genes.
- Fraternal (dizygotic) twins = twins that result when two eggs happen to be released
into the fallopian tube at the same time and are fertilized by two different sperm;
fraternal twins have only half their genes in common.
- Neural tube = a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo
that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.
- Amniotic sac = a transparent, fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the
fetus.
- Placenta = a support organ for the fetus; it keeps the circulatory systems of the fetus
and mother separate, but a semipermeable membrane permits the exchange of some
materials between them (oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus, and carbon
dioxide and waste products from fetus to mother).
- Umbilical cord = a tube containing the blood vessels connecting the fetus and
placenta.
- Cephalocaudal development = the pattern of growth in which areas near the head
develop earlier than areas farther from the head.
- Phylogenetic continuity = the idea that because of our common evolutionary history,
humans share many characteristics, behaviors, and developmental processes with non-
human animals, especially mammals.
- Habituation = a simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to
repeated or continued stimulation
- Dishabituation = the introduction of a new stimulus rekindles interest following
habituation to a repeated stimulus.
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