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UNMC Patho Exam 2 (1)
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UNMC Patho Exam 2 (1)
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NAPLEX ReviewWhat is the equation for corrected phenytoin? - ANS-CP= measured serum
phenytoin/(0.2*albumin)+0.1
What is the principle intracellular cation? - ANS-potassium
Principle extracellular is Sodium
How many mL in a teaspoon? - ANS-5 mL
how many mL in a tablespoon - ANS-15 mL
how many mL in a cup? - ANS-240 mL
how many mL in an ounce? - ANS-29.6 mL
how many mL in a pint? - ANS-473 mL
how many mL in a gallon? - ANS-3785 mL
How do we calculate mols or mmols of a substance? - ANS-mol= g/MW
mmol= mg/MW
How many mg are in one grain? - ANS-65 mg/grain
How many lbs in a kg? - ANS-2.2lbs/kg
What is the conversion of aminophylline to theophylline? - ANS-we multiply the
aminophylline by 0.8 to get the equivalent theophylline
What is the conversion of theophylline to aminophylline? - ANS-divide the amount of
theophylline by 0.8 to get the equivalent aminophylline
How do we get the ratio strength from the percent strength? - ANS-ratio strength=
100/% strength
How do we get the percent strength from the ratio strength? - ANS-% strength=
100/ratio strength
,How do we convert PPM to percent strength? - ANS--PPM to % strength, move decimal
left 4 places
-% strength to PPM, move decimal place right 4 places
specific gravity - ANS-SG= grams of substance/mL
mEq - ANS-mEq= mg x valence/MW
Which chemicals have 2 valences? - ANS-Calcium carbonate
Calcium chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
mOsmol/L - ANS-mOsmol/L= [wt of substance (g/L)/MW (g/mole)] x number of particles
x 1000
Equation for anion gap` - ANS-Na - (Cl + Bicarbonate)
How much elemental calcium is found in calcium carbonate and calcium citrate? -
ANS-40% in carbonate
20% in citrate
How much elemental Iron is in ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, and ferrous gluconate?
- ANS-fumarate: 108 mg
sulfate: 65 mg of 325mg (20%)
gluconate 35 mg
How is absolute neutrophil count calculated? - ANS-ANC= WBC x [(%segs +
%bands)/100]
What is the formula to determine a patient's total energy expenditure? - ANS-TEE= BEE
x activity factor X stress factor
What is the equation to find pH of a weak acid? - ANS-pH = pKa + log(salt/acid)
What is the equation to find pH of a weak base? - ANS-pH = (pKw - pKb) +
log(base/salt)
,what can we tell about ionization of acids from the pH and the pKa? - ANS-pH > pKa
more acid is ionized
pH = pKa ionized and unionized are equal
pH < pKa more acid is unionized
An ionized drug is more soluble but cannot easily cross lipid membranes and vice versa
How are the ABG measurements written out on the exam? -
ANS-pH/pCO2/pO2/HCO3/O2
What are the normal values for pH, HCO3, and pCO2? - ANS-pH = 7.35-7.45
HCO3 = 38-42
pCO2 = 22-28
When adding calcium and phosphate to TPN what should be considered? - ANS--Use
calcium gluconate over calcium chloride because it is less reactive and a lower rate of
precipitation.
-Add phosphate first then add calcium at the end of the prep
-when added together don't exceed 45 mEq/L
BMI - ANS-weight in kg/height in meter^2
BSA - ANS-BSA = SQR [weight(kg) x height (cm)/3600]
How many kcals are in 10%, 20%, and 30% intravenous fat emulsions? How much fat is
needed for TPN? - ANS-10% = 1.1 kcal/mL
20% = 2 kcal/mL
30% = 3 kcal/mL
Fat for TPN = 9 kcal/gram
How many kcals do amino acids and dextrose provide in TPN? - ANS-Amino acids 4
kcal/gram
dextrose 3.4 kcal/gram
what is the pKa? - ANS-The pKa is the pH at which half the drug is 50% ionized. This is
half the neutralization or equivalence point. The neutralization or equivalence point is at
a much higher pH and occurs when the acid has been neutralized.
, what is the correct calcium equation? - ANS-Corrected Ca = [(4.0-albumin) x 0.8] +
serum calcium
What is the equation for absolute bioavailability? - ANS-F= 100 x (AUC
extravascular/AUC intravascular) x (Dose intravascular/Dose extravascular)
What is the equation to find the volume of distribution? - ANS-Vd = amount of drug
given/concentration of drug in plasma
What is the equation for clearance? - ANS-Cl = rate of elimination/concentration
Cl = F x Dose/AUC
Cl = Dose/AUC (if bioavailability is 1)
what is the equation for the elimination rate constant? - ANS-ke = Clearance/volume of
distribution
How do we find the half-life? - ANS-t1/2 = 0.693/ke
How do we define pharmacodynamics vs. pharmacokinetics? -
ANS-pharmacodynamics: what the drug does to the body
Pharmacokinetics: what the body does to the drug
Formula to determine patients LDL - ANS-LDL = TC - HDL - TG/5
What are glass, wedgwood, and porcelain mortars used for? - ANS-Glass- used for
mixing liquids (solutions, suspensions) and oily or staining compounds
Wedgwood- used for grinding dry crystals and hard powders
Porcelain- used to blend powders and pulverize gummy consistencies
What is the Master Formulation Record? - ANS-recipe that provides all ingredients and
instructions for preparing a compounded product. includes compound name, strength,
dosage form, all calculations, and everything needed to make the compound
What is the compounding log? - ANS-it's the log book of all products made in the
pharmacy
what is a QA plan? - ANS-quality assurance plan that outlines the steps and actions that
ensure the maintenance of proper standards for compounding preparations.
needs to be reviewed and updated regularly.
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