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UNMC - PathoPhys Unit 1_Exam 1
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UNMC - PathoPhys Unit 1_Exam 1
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UNMC - PathoPhys Unit 1/Exam 1Neuroanatomy of Pain - ANS-Nociceptors (peripheral pain receptors/impulse starts) -
afferent fibers (A-delta & C fibers (dull aching)) -
Spinal Cord (dorsal horn/Substantia Gelatinosa region with Substance P) -
(Descending efferent input from BRAIN modulate pain at the Spinal Cord)
Brain (for interpretation)
Pain is perception of nociceptive events - ANS-impulse has to get to brain and be
interpreted before pain is perceived (felt)
L fibers (Large diameter fibers) - ANS-Conduct impulses fast
Attempt to excite/depolarize/stimulate T cells AND SG
A-delta fibers
Stimulation = relaxation, breathing
S fibers (Small diameter fibers) - ANS-Conduct impulses slower
Attempt to excite T cells and inhibit SG
A-delta & C fibers
Stimulation = anxiety, stress
SG (Substantia Gelatinosa) - ANS-Attempts to inhibit T cell
Good to stimulate
T (Central Transmission) - ANS-Receives all input
the more excitation (of T cell) = the more pain is felt
Want to avoid stimulation of T cell
Is inhibited by SG - which is stimulated by L
Osmotic Equilibrium
What?
Involves?
Water moves where?
Effect on volume? - ANS-Equal concentrations, NOT volume
Involves primarily osmotic forces (concentrations & their ability to equalize)
Water moves across membrane toward HypERtonic to help dilute the salute down. This
water causes an increase & decrease in volume - causing cells to shrink/swell.
Hypertonic ECF (caused by Hypertonic IV solution or ingestion of high sodium foods)
,What happens? - ANS-water moves from ICF to ECF
volume increases in ECF/decreases in ICF
cell shrinks
Hypotonic ECF (caused by Hypotonic IV solution or drinking tons of water)
What happens? - ANS-Water moves from ECF to ICF
volume increases in ICF/decreases in ECF
cell swells
Filtration - ANS-movement of fluid out of capillary
between plasma and interstitial space
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - ANS-Favors filtration (water OUT of capillary)
PUSHing of fluid inside the capillary against the walls
Pressure depends on volume of blood
Interstitial Oncotic Pressure - ANS-Favors filtration (water OUT of capillary)
Osmotic PULL (Molecules want company) IN interstitial space
Burn victims
Capillary Oncotic Pressure - ANS-Opposes filtration (water IN capillary)
Osmotic PULL (Molecules want company) INSIDE the capillary
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure - ANS-Opposes filtration (water IN capillary)
PUSHing of fluid in interstitial space against walls
Pressure depends on volume (Edema will push on walls)
Net filtration equation - ANS-(forces favoring filtration) - (forces opposing filtration) = (net
filtration)
Edema
What is it?
Causes? - ANS-accumulation of fluid in interstitial space
problem of fluid DISTRIBUTION, not excess fluid
Caused by increase in forces favoring filtration
- Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
- Decreased Capillary Oncotic Pressure
- Increased Interstitial Oncotic Pressure
- Decreased Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
, High Blood Pressure
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure increases
increased pressure against capillary walls
favors filtration/water moving OUT of capillary
Larger Blood Volume
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure increases
increased pressure against capillary walls
favors filtration/water moving OUT of capillary
Malnutrition/Lower protein concentration in blood
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Oncotic Pressure decrease
Proteins NOT pulling from inside capillary
Favors filtration/water moving OUT of capillary
Water being pulled by higher protein concentration in interstitial
Increased Capillary Permeability/Burns
(capillary channels open up - proteins & fluid leak out)
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Oncotic Pressure decrease
Interstitial Oncotic Pressure increase
Favors filtration/water moving OUT of capillary
More large molecules/proteins in interstitial due to damage - pulling more fluid to
interstitial
Low Blood Pressure
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure decrease
Opposes filtration/Keep water IN capillary
Not pushing on walls
Large Blood Loss/Decreased Blood Volume
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure decrease
Opposes filtration/Keep water IN capillary
Not pushing on walls
IV infusion of Albumin (Protein)
Effects on filtration? - ANS-Capillary Oncotic Pressure increase
Opposes filtration/Keep water IN capillary
more proteins in blood PULLing
Major Intracellular (ICF) Cation - ANS-Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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