Exam (elaborations)
UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Carcinogenesis, Renal)
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UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Carcinogenesis, Renal)
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UNMCPatho
2
Exam
1
(Liver,
Gallbladder,
Pancreas,
Carcinogenesis,
Renal)
The
process
of
taking
in
and
using
food
for
growth,
repair,
and
maintenance
of
the
body
includes
ingestion,
digestion,
absorption,
and
metabolism
-
ANS-nutrition
Inflammation
-
ANS-adaptive
response
of
the
body
to
injury
or
illness
How
many
functions
is
the
liver
responsible
for?
-
ANS-about
500
lobule
-
ANS-functional
unit
of
the
liver
hepatocyte
-
ANS-liver
cells
that
produce
and
secrete
bile
bile
-
ANS-stimulates
peristalsis
and
breaks
down
fats
in
intestine
canaliculus
-
ANS-channels
between
hepatocytes
that
drain
bile
into
the
common
bile
duct
then
into
the
duodenum
and
gall
bladder
hepatic
artery
-
ANS-carries
oxygenated
blood
into
liver
portal
vein
-
ANS-carries
unoxygenated
blood
that
is
high
in
nutrients
(from
draining
venous
blood
from
all
GI
organs)
into
the
liver;
thus
provides
energy
for
liver
function
sinusoid
-
ANS-capillaries
between
hepatocytes,
carry
blood
to
hepatic
vein
Kupffer
cells
-
ANS-line
sinusoids,
cells
which
act
as
macrophages
to
destroy
old
WBCs,
RBCs,
and
bacteria
hepatic
vein
-
ANS-carries
blood
from
sinusoids
to
the
inferior
vena
cava
metabolism
of
bile
steps
-
ANS-1.
Old
erythrocytes
(RBCs)
break
down
in
bloodstream
2.
Heme
breakdown
produces
bilirubin
in
blood
(unconjugated
=
fat
soluble
only)
3.
Bilirubin
circulates
through
liver
and
is
conjugated
in
the
hepatocytes
(conjugated
=
water
soluble
only) 4.
Conjugated
bilirubin
leaves
liver
(orange/yellow
bile)
via
bile/hepatic
duct
5.
Excreted
into
duodenum,
converted
to
urobilinogen
(gives
stool
brown
color)
6.
Excreted
via
feces
conjugated
-
ANS-water
soluble
only
unconjugated
-
ANS-fat
soluble
only
Why
does
bilirubin
need
to
be
conjugated?
-
ANS-UNconjugated
bilirubin
is
fat-soluble,
so
would
be
reabsorbed
in
the
duodenum,
NOT
excreted
Conjugated
bilirubin
is
water-soluble,
so
it
will
be
excreted
in
the
feces
What
lab
test
detects
UNconjugated
Bilirubin?
-
ANS-indirect
What
lab
test
detects
Conjugated
Bilirubin?
-
ANS-direct
urobilinogen
-
ANS-gives
stool
its
brown
color
bile
contains
-
ANS-water
electrolytes
bile
acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
how
much
bile
does
an
adult
produce
a
day?
-
ANS-400-800mL
Jaundice
-
ANS-symptom
of
liver
disease
caused
by
hyperbilirubinemia
why
does
skin
appear
yellow
with
jaundice?
-
ANS-deposition
of
bile
pigment
in
the
skin
and
sclera
jaundice
etiologies
-
ANS-any
type
of
liver
disease
gallstones
3
types
of
jaundice
-
ANS-1.
hemolytic
jaundice
2.
intrahepatic
obstructive
jaundice
3.
extrahepatic
obstructive
jaundice hemolytic
jaundice
-
ANS-excessive
lysis
of
RBCs
liver
can't
keep
up
with
conjugating
increased
unconjugated
bilirubin
build
up
in
blood
intrahepatic
obstructive
jaundice
-
ANS-hepatocellular
damage,
so
liver
can't
conjugate
or
excrete
bilirubin
increased
unconjugated
bilirubin
build
up
in
blood
extrahepatic
obstructive
jaundice
-
ANS-bile
duct
obstruction
(such
as
a
gallstone)
so
bile
cannot
get
through
leads
to
increased
conjugated
bilirubin
to
accumulate
in
the
liver
and
blood
stream
hepatitis
-
ANS-inflammation
of
the
liver
what
can
hepatitis
lead
to?
-
ANS-degeneration,
scarring,
and
necrosis
of
hepatocytes
hep
A
-
ANS-infectious
hep
A
onset
-
ANS-acute,
sudden
hep
A
sources
of
infection
-
ANS-contaminated
food
and
water,
poor
sanitation
hep
A
mode
of
transmission
-
ANS-fecal-oral
route
blood
(uncommon)
hep
A
chronic
state
-
ANS-none,
self-limiting
hep
A
manifestations
-
ANS--fever
-malaise
-anorexia
-nausea
-jaundice
hep
B
onset
-
ANS-insidious,
gradual
hep
B
-
ANS-serum
hep
B
sources
of
infection
-
ANS-blood:
needles,
syringes,
sexual
contact
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