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Body Fluids and Circulation Blood Composition: Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. Plasma contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Functions of Blood: Tra$6.59
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Body Fluids and Circulation Blood Composition: Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets. Plasma contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Functions of Blood: Tra
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Course
Science
Institution
Sixth Year / 12th Grade
Book
Business Studies for Class 12 | CBSE (NCERT Solved) | Examination 2023-2024 | By RK Singla
Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood Composition:
Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.
Plasma contains water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.
Functions of Blood:
Transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormone...
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
1. Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through
their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these substances. //278
2. More complex organisms use special fluids within their bodies to transport such materials. //278
3. Blood is the most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher organisms including humans for
this purpose. //278
4. Another body fluid, lymph, also helps in the transport of certain substances. //278
5. Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.
//278
6. Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 per cent of the blood. //278
7. blood. 90-92 per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute 6-8 per cent of it. //278
8. Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are the major proteins. //278
9. Plasma also contains small amounts of minerals like Na+, Ca++, Mg++, HCO3–, Cl–, etc. //279
10. Glucose, amino acids, lipids, etc., are also present in the plasma as they are always in transit in
the body. //279
11. Plasma without the clotting factors is called serum. //279
12. Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an inactive form.
//279
13. Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets are collectively called formed elements. //279
14. They constitute nearly 45 per cent of the blood. //279
15. Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant of all the cells in blood. //279
16. A healthy adult man has, on an average, 5 millions to 5.5 millions of RBCs mm–3 of blood. //279
17. RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow in the adults. //279
18. RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the mammals and are biconcave in shape. //279
19. They have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called haemoglobin, hence the colour
and name of these cells. //279
20. A healthy individual has 12-16 gms of haemoglobin in every 100 ml of blood. //279
21. RBCs have an average life span of 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen
(graveyard of RBCs). //279
22. Leucocytes are also known as white blood cells (WBC) as they are colourless due to the lack of
haemoglobin. //279
23. They are nucleated and are relatively lesser in number which averages 6000-8000 mm–3 of
blood. //279
24. We have two main categories of WBCs – granulocytes and agranulocytes. //279
, 25. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are different types of granulocytes, while lymphocytes
and monocytes are the agranulocytes. //279
26. Neutrophils are the most abundant cells (60-65 per cent) of the total WBCs. //279
27. Basophils are the least (0.5-1 per cent) among them. //279
28. Neutrophils and monocytes (6-8 per cent) are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms
entering the body. //279
29. Basophils secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin, etc., and are involved in inflammatory reactions.
//279
30. Eosinophils (2-3 per cent) resist infections and are also associated with allergic reactions.
//279
31. Lymphocytes (20-25 per cent) are of two major types – ‘B’ and ‘T’ forms. //280
32. Platelets also called thrombocytes, are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes (special
cells in the bone marrow). //280
33. Blood normally contains 1,500,00-3,500,00 platelets mm–3. //280
34. ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigens on the RBCs namely
A and B. //280
35. O’ group individuals are called ‘universal donors’. Persons with ‘AB’ group can are called ‘universal
recipients’. //280
36. Rh is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority (nearly 80 per cent) of humans such
individuals are called Rh positive (Rh+ve). //281
37. An Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh+ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh
antigens. //281
38. In subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood
of the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs. //281
39. This could be fatal to the foetus. causing severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby , condition is
called erythroblastosis foetalis. //281
40. The mechanism to prevent excessive loss of blood from the body. //281
41. Fibrins are formed by the conversion of inactive fibrinogens in the plasma by the enzyme
thrombin. //281
42. Thrombins, in turn are formed from another inactive substance present in the plasma called
prothrombin. . An enzyme complex, thrombokinase, is required for the above reaction. //281
43. This complex is formed by a series of linked enzymic reactions involving a number of factors
present in the plasma in an inactive state. //281
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