3 modifications needed for protein synthesis - RNA splicing - splice out introns, keep exons 3' poly A tail- added to protect mRNA from RNA degrading enzymes - helps with stability and availability for translation addition of 5' cap- G base allows ribosome recognition
BIOTECHNOLOGY TEST 1 FIU What is Biotechnology? - Using living organism, or products of living organisms for human benefit to make a product or solve a problem Biotechnology relies on? - Basic sciences and Interdisciplinary Experiencing Biotechnology firsthand ? - Eaten GMO produce treated with monoclonal antibody flu shot insulin injection home pregnancy test antibiotic glass of wine eaten cheese Selective breeding - manipulating genes to domesticate plants and animals; improve crops and livestock Plant Domestication - Barley & Wheat - 10,500 BC Animal Domestication - Sheep, cows ,goats, and pigs - 9,000 to 7,000 BC Fermentation - Fruit, Rice, and honey - 7,000 -6,600 BC Alexander Fleming - Discovery of Penicillin in 1928 Gene Cloning - ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interest Recombinant DNA technology - technique enabling DNA to be combined from different sources started modern biotech as an industry Genetic engineering - altering an organism's DNA Human Genome Project - international effort to identify all human genes and their loci Example of biotechnology applications - Vaccines Diagnostics Disease -resistant plants Food crops that produce greater yield "Golden rice" Medicine Genetically engineered bacteria used to degrade pollutants Types of biotechnology - Microbial, Agricultural, Animal, Forensic, Bioremediation, Aquatic, Medical Microbal Biotechnology - use of microorganisms to make valuable produce and application Ex:scientist manipulate bacteria and yeast to Scientist manipulate bacteria and yeast to: - create better enzymes simplify manufacturing and production processes make vaccines and batch amount of proteins for human medicines make more efficient decontamination processes for industrial waste removal Agricultural Biotechnology - genetically engineer plants to make valuable products Scientists genetically engineer plants to: - be more environmentally friendly and yield more per acre resistance to diseases and insects food with higher protein/ vitamin content drugs developed and grown as plant products these better plants ultimately reduce production costs to help feed growing population By 2050 - Will need to feed population of 9.1 must raise food pollution by 70% Animal Biotechnology - genetically engineer animals to make valuable products Scientists genetically engineer animals to be: - used as bioreactors for producing proteins - antibodies and therapeutic proteins model organisms - knockout gene experiments
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