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APUSH Period 1-9 Review.
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APUSH Period 1-9 ReviewFrench and Indian War - ANS-a war fought by French and English on American soil
over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical
Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually
change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.
Albany Plan - ANS-plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the
13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the
colonies and the Crown
Proclamation of 1763 - ANS-an English law enacted after gaining territory from the
French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling
beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British
citizens after the enactment. It caused the first major revolt against the British.
William Pitt - ANS-a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London
government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a
war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.
Robert de La Salle - ANS-responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European
to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada, and upon seeing the beautiful
river valley there he named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682.
Pontiac's Rebellion - ANS-An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an
Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio
Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when the
leader was killed.
Samuel de Champlain - ANS-French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico,
and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls.
His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his
latter settlement of Quebec.
Regulator Movement - ANS-movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians,
mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated
political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many
of its members joined the American Revolutionists.
,Triangular trade - ANS-a small profitable trading route started by people in New England
who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies
in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process. This
form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries in the
1750's.
Molasses Act - ANS-a British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the
American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain.
Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and
smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.
Paxton Boys - ANS-a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that
wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in
1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas
started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
Great Awakening - ANS-a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the
colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George
Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.
Phyllis Wheatly - ANS-Born around 1753, a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight,
she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, she was taken to
England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. She died in 1784.
John S. Copley - ANS-a famous Revolutionary era painter, he had to travel to England
to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could he find subjects with the
leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. Although he
was an American citizen, he was loyal to England during The Revolution.
Johnathan Edwards - ANS-an American theologian and Congregational clergyman,
whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known
for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.
Benjamin Franklin - ANS-born January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. He taught
himself math, history, science, English, and five other languages. He owned a
successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of
electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important
diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the
Constitution of the United States.
,George Whitefield - ANS-he came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening,
which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great
preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved
to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of
preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and
Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.
Peter Zenger Trial - ANS-he criticized the king and was accused of "seditious libel" but
he claimed what he printed was the truth and help establish the idea of freedom of the
press.
Harvard College - ANS-First college in the New World. Established by Puritans to train
ministers.
Joint Stock Companies - ANS-These were developed to gather the savings from the
middle class to support finance colonies. Ex. London Company and Plymouth
Company.
Spanish Armada - ANS-"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to
invade England in 1588; Was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea
dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of
Spanish dominance.
Black Legend - ANS-idea developed during North American colonial times that the
Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did
not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans
than the English were.
Christopher Columbus - ANS-An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish
Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the
"New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made
four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492,
and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.
Francisco Coronado - ANS-A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an
expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven
Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.
, Treaty of Tordesillas - ANS-In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the
new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America
for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.
Mestizos - ANS-Race of people created when the Spanish intermarried with the
surviving Indians in Mexico.
Juan Ponce de Leon - ANS-Spanish Explorer; in 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida,
thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his
search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish,
before being killed by a Native American arrow.
Hernando de Soto - ANS-Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to
the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a
vital North American river.
Virginia Company - ANS-A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to
find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have
the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their
ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607.
Iroquois Confederacy - ANS-a nearly a military power consisting of Mohawks, Oneidas,
Cayugas, and Senecas. It was founded in the late 1500s.The leaders were Degana
Widah and Hiawatha. The Indians lived in log houses with relatives. Men dominated, but
a person's background was determined by the women's family. Different groups banded
together but were separate fur traders and fur suppliers. Other groups joined; they
would ally with either the French or the English depending on which would be the most
to their advantage.
Primogeniture - ANS-A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family
received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while
the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to
the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.
Indentured Servants - ANS-Colonists who received free passage to North America in
exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Starving Time - ANS-The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as this to the colonists of
Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. Many died
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