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Uitgebreide samenvatting comfort akoestiek
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Comfort: akoestischInhoud
1 Inhoud ...............................................................................................................................1
2 Inleiding .............................................................................................................................6
2.1 Wat is geluid?............................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Geluidsbron ........................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Geluidsintensiteit ................................................................................................ 6
2.1.3 Geluid in lucht ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Geluid.........................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 Karakteristieken van geluid ................................................................................. 9
2.2.2 Geluidssnelheid in lucht ...................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Geluidsniveau ................................................................................................... 10
2.2.4 Geluiddrukniveau .............................................................................................. 10
2.3 Horen en spreken .................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Menselijke stem ................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2 Horen ................................................................................................................ 12
3 Akoestiek in architectuur - Inleiding ................................................................................ 14
3.1 Geluid in architectuur ............................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Acoustic intuition ............................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Noise barrier ..................................................................................................... 16
4 Ruimte akoestiek............................................................................................................. 16
4.1 Zien en horen ........................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Nagalm.....................................................................................................................17
4.2.1 Nagalmtijd ......................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Nagalm en echo ................................................................................................ 18
4.2.3 Invloed van absorptie........................................................................................ 18
4.2.4 De invloed van absorptie op nagalmtijd ............................................................ 19
4.2.5 Nagalm – principe ............................................................................................. 19
4.3 Geluidsabsorptie ...................................................................................................... 21
4.3.1 Absorptie, reflectie, diffractie en transmissie .................................................... 21
4.3.2 De reflectie- en absorptiecoëfficiënt.................................................................. 21
4.3.3 Absorptie-coëfficiënt in de bouwpraktijk............................................................ 21
4.4 Geluidabsorptie - poreuze materialen ...................................................................... 22
4.4.1 In poreuze materialen ....................................................................................... 22
4.4.2 Reflectie & absorptie ......................................................................................... 23
4.4.3 Geluidabsorptie - poreuze materialen ............................................................... 24
4.5 Geluidabsorptie – resonatoren (vlakke plaat) .......................................................... 25
1
, 4.5.1 Geluidabsorptie – resonatoren: Helmholtz-resonator ....................................... 26
4.6 Geluidabsorptie – samenvatting .............................................................................. 29
4.7 Nagalmtijd ................................................................................................................ 30
4.7.1 Definitie ............................................................................................................. 30
4.7.2 Nagalmtijd ~ f (Hz) ............................................................................................ 30
4.7.3 Nagalmtijd – meet- en rekenmethoden ............................................................. 31
4.7.4 Nagalmtijd – in realiteit ..................................................................................... 31
4.8 Ruimteakoestiek – rekenmethoden ......................................................................... 32
4.8.1 Nagalmtijd – reverberation time ........................................................................ 32
4.9 Geluiddrukniveau in een ruimte ............................................................................... 35
4.9.1 Rekenmethode geluiddrukniveau ..................................................................... 36
4.9.2 Galmstraal ........................................................................................................ 37
4.9.3 Richtingskarakteristiek ...................................................................................... 37
4.9.4 Spraakverstaanbaarheid ................................................................................... 37
4.9.5 Clarity van geluid : C50 en C80 ........................................................................... 38
4.10 Hoe meet men geluidabsorptie ? ............................................................................. 39
4.10.1 In diffuus veld – nagalmkamer .......................................................................... 39
4.10.2 In het vrije veld.................................................................................................. 39
4.11 Enkele voorbeelden van geluidabsorptie ................................................................. 40
4.11.1 “Clean” and smooth look ................................................................................... 40
4.11.2 Plaatresonatoren en combinaties ..................................................................... 42
4.12 Geluidverstrooiing en diffusie ................................................................................... 43
4.12.1 Reflectie ............................................................................................................ 43
4.12.2 Verstrooiing en diffusie van geluid .................................................................... 44
5 Geschiedenis van de akoestiek ...................................................................................... 46
5.1 Geschiedenis bouwakoestiek – Benelux ................................................................. 49
5.2 Geschiedenis – bouwakoestiek ............................................................................... 51
5.3 Geschiedenis – ruimteakoestiek .............................................................................. 51
5.3.1 Metingen aan schaalmodellen .......................................................................... 52
6 De invloed van het volume van de ruimte ....................................................................... 52
6.1 Het volume van de ruimte ........................................................................................ 52
6.2 De vorm van de ruimte ............................................................................................. 55
6.2.1 De verdeling van absorptiematerialen over de ruimte ...................................... 55
6.3 Rekenmethoden in ruimteakoestiek ......................................................................... 57
6.3.1 Meet- en rekenmethoden .................................................................................. 57
6.3.2 Meten op schaal ............................................................................................... 57
6.3.3 Akoestische simulaties in zaalakoestiek ........................................................... 57
7 Ontwerpregels ................................................................................................................. 60
7.1 Ruimtes voor “spraak”.............................................................................................. 60
2
, 7.1.1 Ontwerpregels – klasslokaal ............................................................................. 60
7.1.2 Ontwerpregels – vergaderzaal .......................................................................... 60
7.2 Grotere ruimte voor “spraak” .................................................................................... 61
7.2.1 Ontwerprichtlijnen voor de nagalmtijd ............................................................... 61
7.2.2 Aula en auditorium ............................................................................................ 61
7.2.3 Theater ............................................................................................................. 62
7.2.4 Bioscoop ........................................................................................................... 62
7.2.5 Concertzaal....................................................................................................... 63
7.2.6 Opera ................................................................................................................ 69
8 Variabele akoestiek ......................................................................................................... 69
8.1 Kantoor- en administratieve gebouwen ................................................................... 71
8.1.1 Ontwerpregels – kantoren ................................................................................ 71
8.1.2 Landschapskantoor .......................................................................................... 71
8.2 Gymzalen en sportzalen .......................................................................................... 72
8.3 Zwembad ................................................................................................................. 74
8.4 Restaurant ............................................................................................................... 74
8.4.1 Ontwerpregels – restaurant .............................................................................. 74
8.5 Atria, shoppingcenter, ….......................................................................................... 76
8.5.1 Atrium ............................................................................................................... 76
8.5.2 Example of walking people ............................................................................... 77
8.5.3 Ontwerpregels – atrium .................................................................................... 77
8.5.4 Ontwerpregels – museum ................................................................................. 78
8.6 Bibliotheek / stille leerruimtes .................................................................................. 78
8.6.1 Ontwerpregels – bibliotheek / stille leerruimtes ................................................ 78
8.7 Industrie ................................................................................................................... 79
8.7.1 Ontwerpregels – industrie ................................................................................. 79
9 Binauraal horen ............................................................................................................... 79
9.1 Geluidsbronlocalisatie in het horizontaal vlak .......................................................... 80
9.2 Binaural cues ........................................................................................................... 80
9.2.1 Interaural Time Difference (ITD) ....................................................................... 80
9.2.2 Interaural Level Difference (ILD) ....................................................................... 81
9.3 Localisation in vertical plane .................................................................................... 81
9.4 Head – Related Transfer Function (HRTF) .............................................................. 81
9.5 Binaural hearing in rooms ........................................................................................ 82
9.5.1 Localisation in non-anechoic situations ............................................................ 82
9.5.2 Acoustical ......................................................................................................... 82
9.5.3 Perceptual......................................................................................................... 82
10 Bouwakoestiek ................................................................................................................ 82
10.1 Inleiding tot geluidsisolatie ....................................................................................... 82
3
, 10.1.1 Contactgeluid .................................................................................................... 82
10.1.2 Luchtgeluid ....................................................................................................... 83
11 Geluidsisolatie theorie ..................................................................................................... 83
11.1 Luchtgeluidisolatie ................................................................................................... 83
11.1.1 Definitie geluidsverzwakkingsindex R (dB) ....................................................... 83
11.1.2 Luchtgeluidisolatie – situatie zonder geluidreflectie .......................................... 84
11.1.3 Luchtgeluidisolatie – situatie zonder geluidabsorptie ....................................... 84
11.1.4 Luchtgeluidisolatie – in realiteit ......................................................................... 85
11.1.5 Homogene enkelvoudige wanden .................................................................... 85
11.1.6 Theorie: Geluidstransmissie ............................................................................. 85
11.2 Luchtgeluidisolatie: enkelvoudige wanden – theorie ................................................ 86
11.2.1 Massawet.......................................................................................................... 86
11.2.2 Luchtgeluidisolatie: massawet en coïncidentie ................................................. 88
11.3 Luchtgeluidisolatie: dubbele wanden – theorie ........................................................ 90
11.3.1 Massawet en massa-veer-massa ..................................................................... 90
11.4 Luchtgeluidisolatie: dubbele wanden – ontwerpregels ............................................ 92
11.5 Samenvatting luchtgeluidisolatie .............................................................................. 97
11.5.1 Let op! ............................................................................................................... 97
11.6 Meten van luchtgeluidisolatie ................................................................................... 97
11.6.1 In het laboratorium (transmissiekamers KU Leuven) ........................................ 97
11.6.2 Luchtgeluidisolatie in het labo – samenvatting ................................................. 99
11.6.3 In een bouw .................................................................................................... 101
11.7 Contactgeluidisolatie .............................................................................................. 102
11.7.1 Oplossingen .................................................................................................... 104
11.8 Meten van contactgeluidisolatie ............................................................................. 110
11.8.1 In het laboratorium .......................................................................................... 110
12 Deuren en sluizen ......................................................................................................... 113
12.1 Een "kanaal" aan de binnenzijde ........................................................................... 114
12.2 Een "kanaal" aan de buitenzijde ............................................................................ 114
12.3 Dubbele deuren ..................................................................................................... 114
12.4 Een sluis ................................................................................................................ 115
13 Ramen, glaswanden en beglazingen ............................................................................ 115
13.1 Dikte van het glas .................................................................................................. 115
13.2 Enkel glas vs gewone dubbele glas ....................................................................... 115
13.3 Gelaagde beglazing ............................................................................................... 116
13.4 Dikte van de spouw................................................................................................ 116
13.5 Andere gassen in de spouw ................................................................................... 116
13.6 Luchtgeluidisolatie: ontwerpregels dubbele wanden ............................................. 117
14 Gevelisolatie.................................................................................................................. 117
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