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1 –2–1 1
Section I
Time—35 minutes
27 Questions
Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to be answered on
the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could
conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely
answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights conventions, and it clearly deserves recognition as an
(UDHR), approved by the United Nations General international standard-setting piece of work, as a set
Assembly in 1948, was the first international treaty to of aspirations to which UN member states are
expressly affirm universal respect for human rights. (55) intended to strive, and as a call to arms in the name
(5) Prior to 1948 no truly international standard of of humanity, justice, and freedom.
humanitarian beliefs existed. Although Article 1 of
the 1945 UN Charter had been written with the 1. By referring to the Universal Declaration of Human
express purpose of obligating the UN to “encourage Rights as “purely programmatic” (line 49) in nature,
respect for human rights and for fundamental the author most likely intends to emphasize
(10) freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
(A) the likelihood that the document will inspire
language, or religion,” there were members of
innovative government programs designed to
delegations from various small countries and
safeguard human rights
representatives of several nongovernmental
(B) the ability of the document’s drafters to translate
organizations who felt that the language of Article 1
abstract ideals into concrete standards
(15) was not strong enough, and that the Charter as a
(C) the compromises that went into producing a
whole did not go far enough in its efforts to
version of the document that would garner the
guarantee basic human rights. This group lobbied
approval of all relevant parties
vigorously to strengthen the Charter’s human rights
(D) the fact that the guidelines established by the
provisions and proposed that member states be
document are ultimately unenforceable
(20) required “to take separate and joint action and to
(E) the frustration experienced by the document’s
co-operate with the organization for the promotion of
drafters at stubborn resistance from within the
human rights.” This would have implied an obligation
UN hierarchy
for member states to act on human rights issues.
Ultimately, this proposal and others like it were not
2. The author most probably quotes directly from both the
(25) adopted; instead, the UDHR was commissioned and
UN Charter (lines 8–11) and the proposal mentioned in
drafted.
lines 20–22 for which one of the following reasons?
The original mandate for producing the document
was given to the UN Commission on Human Rights (A) to contrast the different definitions of human
in February 1946. Between that time and the General rights in the two documents
(30) Assembly’s final approval of the document, the (B) to compare the strength of the human rights
UDHR passed through an elaborate eight-stage language in the two documents
drafting process in which it made its way through (C) to identify a bureaucratic vocabulary that is
almost every level of the UN hierarchy. The articles common to the two documents
were debated at each stage, and all 30 articles were (D) to highlight what the author believes to be the
(35) argued passionately by delegates representing diverse most important point in each document
ideologies, traditions, and cultures. The document as (E) to call attention to a significant difference in the
it was finally approved set forth the essential prose styles of the two documents
principles of freedom and equality for everyone—
regardless of sex, race, color, language, religion, 3. The author’s stance toward the Universal Declaration
(40) political or other opinion, national or social origin, of Human Rights can best be described as
property, birth or other status. It also asserted a (A) unbridled enthusiasm
number of fundamental human rights, including (B) qualified approval
among others the right to work, the right to rest and (C) absolute neutrality
leisure, and the right to education. (D) reluctant rejection
(45) While the UDHR is in many ways a progressive (E) strong hostility
document, it also has weaknesses, the most
regrettable of which is its nonbinding legal status. For
all its strong language and high ideals, the UDHR
remains a resolution of a purely programmatic nature. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
(50) Nevertheless, the document has led, even if belatedly,
to the creation of legally binding human rights
,1 1 –3–
1
4. According to the passage, each of the following is true 6. Suppose that a group of independent journalists has
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights uncovered evidence of human rights abuses being
EXCEPT: perpetrated by a security agency of a UN member state
upon a group of political dissidents. Which one of the
(A) It asserts a right to rest and leisure.
following approaches to the situation would most likely
(B) It was drafted after the UN Charter was drafted.
be advocated by present-day delegates who share the
(C) The UN Commission on Human Rights was
views of the delegates and representatives mentioned in
charged with producing it.
lines 11–14?
(D) It has had no practical consequences.
(E) It was the first international treaty to explicitly (A) The UN General Assembly authenticates the
affirm universal respect for human rights. evidence and then insists upon prompt remedial
action on the part of the government of the
5. The author would be most likely to agree with which member state.
one of the following statements? (B) The UN General Assembly stipulates that any
proposed response must be unanimously
(A) The human rights language contained in
accepted by member states before it can be
Article 1 of the UN Charter is so ambiguous
implemented.
as to be almost wholly ineffectual.
(C) The UN issues a report critical of the actions of
(B) The weaknesses of the Universal Declaration of
the member state in question and calls for a
Human Rights generally outweigh the strengths
censure vote in the General Assembly.
of the document.
(D) The situation is regarded by the UN as an
(C) It was relatively easy for the drafters of the
internal matter that is best left to the discretion
Universal Declaration of Human Rights to
of the government of the member state.
reach a consensus concerning the contents of
(E) The situation is investigated further by
the document.
nongovernmental humanitarian organizations
(D) The drafters of the Universal Declaration of
that promise to disclose their findings to the
Human Rights omitted important rights that
public via the international media.
should be included in a truly comprehensive
list of basic human rights.
(E) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
would be truer to the intentions of its
staunchest proponents if UN member countries
were required by law to abide by its GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
provisions.
, 1 –4–
1 1
It is commonly assumed that even if some 7. Which one of the following most accurately expresses
forgeries have aesthetic merit, no forgery has as much the main point of the passage?
as an original by the imitated artist would. Yet even
(A) The Disciples at Emmaus, van Meegeren’s
the most prominent art specialists can be duped by a
forgery of a Vermeer, was a failure in both
(5) talented artist turned forger into mistaking an almost
aesthetic and artistic terms.
perfect forgery for an original. For instance, artist
(B) The aesthetic value of a work of art is less
Han van Meegeren’s The Disciples at Emmaus
dependent on the work’s visible characteristics
(1937)—painted under the forged signature of the
than on certain intangible characteristics.
acclaimed Dutch master Jan Vermeer (1632–1675)—
(C) Forged artworks are artistically inferior to
(10) attracted lavish praise from experts as one of
originals because artistic value depends in large
Vermeer’s finest works. The painting hung in a
part on originality of vision.
Rotterdam museum until 1945, when, to the great
(D) The most skilled forgers can deceive even highly
embarrassment of the critics, van Meegeren revealed
qualified art experts into accepting their work
its origin. Astonishingly, there was at least one highly
as original.
(15) reputed critic who persisted in believing it to be a
(E) Art critics tend to be unreliable judges of the
Vermeer even after van Meegeren’s confession.
aesthetic and artistic quality of works of art.
Given the experts’ initial enthusiasm, some
philosophers argue that van Meegeren’s painting must
8. The passage provides the strongest support for inferring
have possessed aesthetic characteristics that, in a
that Lessing holds which one of the following views?
(20) Vermeer original, would have justified the critics’
plaudits. Van Meegeren’s Emmaus thus raises difficult (A) The judgments of critics who pronounced The
questions regarding the status of superbly executed Disciples at Emmaus to be aesthetically superb
forgeries. Is a forgery inherently inferior as art? How were not invalidated by the revelation that the
are we justified, if indeed we are, in revising painting is a forgery.
(25) downwards our critical assessment of a work (B) The financial value of a work of art depends
unmasked as a forgery? Philosopher of art Alfred more on its purely aesthetic qualities than
Lessing proposes convincing answers to these on its originality.
questions. (C) Museum curators would be better off not taking
A forged work is indeed inferior as art, Lessing art critics’ opinions into account when
(30) argues, but not because of a shortfall in aesthetic attempting to determine whether a work of art
qualities strictly defined, that is to say, in the qualities is authentic.
perceptible on the picture’s surface. For example, in (D) Because it is such a skilled imitation of
its composition, its technique, and its brilliant use of Vermeer, The Disciples at Emmaus is as
color, van Meegeren’s work is flawless, even artistically successful as are original paintings
(35) beautiful. Lessing argues instead that the deficiency by artists who are less significant than
lies in what might be called the painting’s intangible Vermeer.
qualities. All art, explains Lessing, involves (E) Works of art that have little or no aesthetic
technique, but not all art involves origination of a value can still be said to be great achievements
new vision, and originality of vision is one of the in artistic terms.
(40) fundamental qualities by which artistic, as opposed to
purely aesthetic, accomplishment is measured. Thus 9. In the first paragraph, the author refers to a highly
Vermeer is acclaimed for having inaugurated, in the reputed critic’s persistence in believing van Meegeren’s
seventeenth century, a new way of seeing, and for forgery to be a genuine Vermeer primarily in order to
pioneering techniques for embodying this new way of (A) argue that many art critics are inflexible in their
(45) seeing through distinctive treatment of light, color, judgments
and form. (B) indicate that the critics who initially praised The
Even if we grant that van Meegeren, with his Disciples at Emmaus were not as
undoubted mastery of Vermeer’s innovative knowledgeable as they appeared
techniques, produced an aesthetically superior (C) suggest that the painting may yet turn out to be
(50) painting, he did so about three centuries after a genuine Vermeer
Vermeer developed the techniques in question. (D) emphasize that the concept of forgery itself is
Whereas Vermeer’s origination of these techniques in internally incoherent
the seventeenth century represents a truly impressive (E) illustrate the difficulties that skillfully executed
and historic achievement, van Meegeren’s production forgeries can pose for art critics
(55) of The Disciples at Emmaus in the twentieth century
presents nothing new or creative to the history of art.
Van Meegeren’s forgery therefore, for all its aesthetic
merits, lacks the historical significance that makes
Vermeer’s work artistically great.
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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