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Why HIV is much more common in sub - Africa ?• becuese HIV first spread to humans in africa so africa is ground zero for the virus .
• 75% of new infectious diseases have spilled over from nonhumans
• spillovers more likely between closely related species
• usually more harmful in the new host than in the original host species (reservoir)
In simple words :
• 75% of new infectious diseases in humans come from animals.
• These diseases are more likely to jump from animals that are closely related to humans.
• When they jump to humans, these diseases often become more severe and harmful compared
to how they affect the original animal host.
SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus)
has a long history of infecting nonhuman primates.
HIV is originally came from a group of viruses called SIV, which infect monkeys and gorillas.
Humans most likely got HIV when they came into contact with the blood or body fluids of these
animals, maybe when hunting or handling them. So, HIV started in animals and then spread to
humans.
Why virsus are not shown in the tree of life ?
• lack of many proprteas for example cant make there own food .
• And that is why there not considred as orgnism .
virsus have lack of metbolic system ( energy provide ).
Soooo !!! , they are infection biolojcal particals , thet depand on the host cell.
,What is the structure of the process found in cells it’s not also a characterise of viruses ?
• Nucleic acid genomes
• Genomes that include proteins
• Lipid membrane surrounding cytoplasm
• Reproduction or application
Some viruses have a lipid structure but it really difffffffrent !!!!!!
All viruses have :
• Protein shell with nucleic acid genome inside (can be DNA or RNA, single or double
stranded).
• Some are surrounded by a lipid envelope.
• Obligate parasites (need to infect cells to make proteins and replicate) —> they cant
replicate intell they affect the host cell.
( there are viruses that effect some parts of the body maybe the lung, …. BUT !1 , HIV effect the
immune system and sapisill white blood cells ( hellper T cells )
Types Of Viruses :
Herpesvirus (dsDNA)
Coronavirus (ssRNA, +strand)
HIV (ssRNA, retrovirus)
Antibiotics (drugs used to treat bacterial infections).
Antifungals (drugs used to treat fungal infections).
Antiviral drugs are harder to design and usually have more serious side effects, then the other,
BUT WHY ? because viruses mutate quickly, have a complex lifecycle, limited targets for drugs,
and can develop resistance
SOO, We need to identify and target processes that the virus needs.
,DNA —> Replication + transcription to RNA and translation to Protein
HIV doesnt care about central dogma !!
Retroviruses, including HIV, have an RNA genome
So how can HIV to be fuuly susccfull and fully prepaid ?
• Need to convert it to doubled stranded DNA by using reverse transcription.
Reverse transcription have :
• high mutation rate
• Specific to retroviruses
Why human don’t have a reverse transcription ?
We don’t have to do a reverse transcription , its design for retroviruses
Reverse transcription was the target for the first anti drugs design that was develop
What would happen if accidentally injected myself by Pure HIV?
- You will become infected with HIV
- You will be fine.
, HIV lifecycle:
HIV Enters Immune Cell: The virus attaches to and enters a host immune cell.
Viral RNA to DNA: The virus converts its genetic material (RNA) into double-
stranded DNA using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase.
Integrates into Host DNA: Another enzyme called integrase combines the viral DNA
with the host cell's DNA.
Reproduction: The combined DNA is then used to make new virus particles, which
can infect other immune cells.
The first drug AZT is a nucleoside analog – shaped ALMOST like thymidine.
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