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Summary Essentials of Psychology - Essentials of Psychology (EPS) CH 12-14
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summary of lecture notes and concepts from chapters 12-14
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Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 5th Edition by Jeffrey S.Nevid, Chapter 12: Social Psychology:
**Introduction**
* Social psychology is the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social
situations
* It examines how people interact with others, including their attitudes, perceptions, and
behaviors
**Social Influence**
* Social influence refers to the ways in which people are influenced by others
* Types of social influence include:
+ Conformity: changing one's behavior to fit in with a group
+ Compliance: changing one's behavior to avoid punishment or gain reward
+ Obedience: following rules or commands without question
**Attitudes and Persuasion**
* Attitudes are evaluations of people, objects, or ideas
* Persuasion is the process of changing attitudes or behaviors
* Techniques of persuasion include:
+ Foot-in-the-door technique: asking for small favors to increase compliance
+ Door-in-the-face technique: asking for large favors to make smaller requests
seem more reasonable
+ Reciprocity: giving something in return for a favor
**Group Dynamics**
* Group dynamics refers to the interactions and processes within a group
, * Types of groups include:
+ In-groups: groups to which we belong and feel loyal to
+ Out-groups: groups to which we do not belong and may feel hostile towards
* Group polarization: when group discussions lead to more extreme opinions
**Social Perception**
* Social perception refers to the ways in which people perceive and interpret others
* Factors that influence social perception include:
+ Attributions: making assumptions about others' behavior
+ Stereotypes: oversimplified beliefs about groups of people
+ Halo effect: forming a positive impression of someone based on one trait
**Aggression**
* Aggression is behavior intended to harm or intimidate others
* Types of aggression include:
+ Direct aggression: overtly harming others
+ Indirect aggression: harming others through indirect means, such as gossip or
manipulation
* Factors that contribute to aggression include:
+ Frustration: feeling blocked or unable to achieve a goal
+ Boredom: lack of stimulation or activity
+ Social learning: learning aggressive behaviors through observing others
**Helping and Altruism**
* Helping and altruism refer to behaviors that benefit others at a personal cost
* Factors that contribute to helping and altruism include:
+ Empathy: feeling sympathy for others' suffering
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