NR 503 Midterm Test – Answered
Surveillance - ️️ - used to monitor changes in disease frequency or to monitor
changes in the levels of risk factors. Most frequently conducted for infectious diseases
"on going systemic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data" Descriptive
Ra...
Surveillance - ✔️✔️- used to monitor changes in disease frequency or to monitor
changes in the levels of risk factors. Most frequently conducted for infectious diseases
"on going systemic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data" Descriptive
Rates - ✔️✔️- tells us how fast the disease in the population is occurring
Proportions - ✔️✔️- tell us what fractions of the population is affected
Incidence rate of a disease - ✔️✔️- is defined as the NEW number of cases of a
disease that occur during a specific period of time in a population at risk
Cumulative incidence - ✔️✔️- the incidence calculated using a period of time during
which all of the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk for the outcome
Person Time - ✔️✔️- when different individuals are observed at different times (person
years)
Different Periods of time incidence rate - ✔️✔️- # of NEW cases/total person-time
Identifying New Cases in order to calculate incidence - ✔️✔️- knowing the baseline
then re screening after a year to see the new cases that have developed
Attack Rate - ✔️✔️- number of people exposed to a suspect food who became ill/ # of
people who were exposed to that food
Prevalence - ✔️✔️- # of affected persons present in the population at a specific time/ #
of persons in the population at that time. This is view more of a snapshot through the
population at a point in time. prevalence=incidence*duration of disease
, Point prevalence - ✔️✔️- prevalence of the disease at any time point during a certain
time period (when you see the word prevalence without any modifier it typically means
point prevalence)
Period prevalence - ✔️✔️- how many people have had the disease at a certain point
during a certain time period.
When does prevalence increase/decrease? - ✔️✔️- example of insulin: Insulin controls
diabetes and prevents people from dying from it, increasing prevalence. Deaths
decrease prevalence.
Problems with the numerator - ✔️✔️- first problem is defining who has the disease,
some may have the disease but show no symptoms, others show symptoms but do not
get medical attention, others may have been diagnosed and have had medical attention
but no diagnoses may have been made, or participant does not recall an episode of
illness or events.
Problems with the denominator - ✔️✔️- selective under counting of certain groups in
the population may occur. Or certain disease that no longer affect some people in the
population have to be taken out but its hard to.
Problems with Hospital Data - ✔️✔️- hospital admissions are very selective. Records
may be incomplete, missing, or illegible
At an initial examination in Oxford, Mass. migraine headache was found in 5/1,000 men
aged 30-35 and in 10/1000 women aged 30-35 years. The inference that women have a
two times greater risk of developing migraine headache than do men of this age group
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