Exam (elaborations)
UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1
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UNMC Patho 2 - Exam 1
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UNMCPatho
2
-
Exam
1
what
does
Neoplasm
mean?
-
ANS-"new
growth"
tumor
cancer
cells
exhibit
"autonomy"
-
ANS-independence
from
normal
cellular
controls
Cancer
cells
exhibit
independence
from
normal
cellular
control,
what
is
the
term
for
this?
-
ANS-Autonomy
Cancer
cells
exhibit
"anaplasia",
what
does
this
mean?
-
ANS-loss
of
differentiation
or
specialization
What
are
NOT
called
"cancer"
-
and
named
by
the
tissue
of
orgin
+
"oma"...
-
ANS-Benign
tumor
ex
benign
tumor
of
fat
cells
=
LIPOMA
Which
cells
are
undifferentiated
or
poorly
differentiated?
-
ANS-Malignant
cells
What
is
the
name
for
the
normal
process
of
developing
specialized
functions
and
organization?
-
ANS-Cell
differentiation
Which
type
of
genetic
CA
event
occurs
in
germ
cells
and
is
passed
on
through
the
allele?
-
ANS-Inherited
What
are
the
primary
basis
for
carcinogenesis?
-
ANS-Genetic
events
What
type
of
genetic
event
occurs
in
somatic
cells
(as
cells
divide
over
a
person's
lifetime)
and
usually
requires
a
number
of
mutations
over
time?
-
ANS-Non-inherited
What
is
the
biggest
risk
factor
for
CA
and
why?
-
ANS-Age,
multiple
mutations
are
required
to
develop
CA,
so
as
we
age
we
get
more
CA
Which
is
a
mutant
gene
that
promotes
cancer
cell
growth?
-
ANS-Onocogene
Which
gene
normally
regulates
(slows
down)
cell
proliferation
(growth)?
-
ANS-Tumor
suppressor
gene
Which
gene
promotes
normal
cellular
growth,
but
once
it
s
mutated
into
an
oncogene
it
then
promotes
CA
cell
growth?
-
ANS-Proto-oncogene What
is
the
most
common
way
to
create
an
oncogene
and
is
described
as
small
DNA
changes
usually
alteration
of
one
or
a
few
base
pairs
-
remember
adenine-thymine
and
cytosine-guanine?
-
ANS-Point
mutations
What
type
of
mutation
occurs
when
there
is
a
break
in
2
chromosome
and
genetic
material
is
exchanged...(2
things
happen)
1.
the
translocation
of
the
genetic
material
causes
excess
production
of
factors
that
lead
to
cell
proliferation
2.
the
translocation
leads
to
production
of
new
proteins
that
have
growth
promoting
properties
-
ANS-Chromosome
Translocation
What
type
of
mutation
occurs
when
repeated
duplication
of
a
small
piece
of
a
chromosome
happens,
and
this
usually
leads
to
increased
expression
of
an
oncogene?
-
ANS-Chromosome
amplification
Viral
and
bacterial
causes
of
cancer
-
ANS-cause-ef fect
is
difficult
to
determine
in
humans
many
associations
have
been
established
viral:
HBV
-Hep
B,
HCV-Hep
C,
Herpes
-
lymphomes,
HPV
gential
warts
and
cervical
cancer,
Bacteria
-
H.
pylori
Cigarette
smoke,
insecticides,
asbestos
are
examples
of?
-
ANS-Environmental
Chemical
cancer
agents
ultraviolet
light,
radiation
are
examples
of
-
ANS-Environmental
Physical
cancer
agents
HBV,
HCV,
Herpes,
HPV
are
examples
of?
-
ANS-Environmental
Viral
cancer
agents
Which
tumor
closely
resembles
tissue
of
origin
and
thus
retains
some
specialized
functions?
-
ANS-Grade
I:
Well
differentiated
Tobacco
use,
diet
(increased
fat,
low
fiber),
Sexual
reproductive
(#
of
sex
partners),
Alcohol
(liver
cancer),
Hormones
(oral
contraceptive,
hormone
replacement)
are
examples
of?
-
ANS-Personal
behaviors
that
cause
cancer
Which
tumor
has
less
resemblance
to
tissue
of
origin;
more
variation
in
size
and
shape
of
tumor
cells;
increased
mitoses?
-
ANS-Grade
II:
Moderately
differentiated
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