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FAM1001F - Gender and representation Notes
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Gender and representationSex and gender:
Sex: “a biological distinction based on male and female genitalia and chromosomal
and hormonal differences”
Gender: “about social and cultural roles, personality traits, and behaviours that are
deemed socially acceptable for men and women in relation to concepts of masculinity
and femininity”
Nature vs nurture:
Biological essentialism: the belief that the physical body defines the essence of
identity and determines personality characteristics, behaviour, and abilities.
o Biological essentialism naturalises dominant ideologies of gender,
heterosexuality, and patriarchy.
o Binary thinking: male or female ONLY
Social constructionism: sees identity as being constructed by external social forces
such as the media, family, education, religion, and expectations of community
members.
o People are socialised into certain gender characteristics.
o It is social pressures, not biology, that determine how people are gendered.
o “Gender is a kind of imitation for which there is no original”
Patriarchy:
A social structure in which the father or male figure is the leader and descent is
reckoned on the male line.
Masculine power dominates social, political, and economic institutions, thereby
oppressing women.
Patriarchal systems determine:
o Lineage: you bear your father’s name; this is historically determined
o The ways in which legal and political institutions have operated, historically.
misogyny – hatred of women and femininity
Paterfamilias:
In the households of the paterfamilias, women and children have the same status.
Inheritance: eldest son is the first in line, as opposed to the wife
Limitations on property ownership, inheritance, participation in public life as a
citizen, and access to education.
Feminism:
First wave feminism:
o Late eighteenth century, and peaked between 1880 and 1920.
o Emphasis was on attaining full citizenship, legal equity, and recognition that
women should have the same rights and opportunities enjoyed by other
citizens.
Second wave feminism:
o Late 1960s.
o Interrogation of patriarchy in the private and public spheres.
o Critique of sexist representations of women in the media, literature,
advertising, and everyday speech.
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