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Biology 235 Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025

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Biology 235 Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025 What is afterload with regards to artery anatomy? Elastic arteries - stretch and recoil during pressure pulses Amount of elasticity determines force of afterload How do arterioles affect afterload? Provide vascular resist...

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BIOL 235 final Exam Questions With 100%
Correct Answers
Erythrocytes contain the enzyme
carbonic anhydrase


carbonic anhydrase catalyzes
the conversion of metabolically produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid


fixed phagocytic macrophages
remove most old erythrocytes from circulation


Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages
narrow capillaries of the spleen


Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside
in the bone marrow


pluripotent stem cells
continuously divide and develop myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the
types of blood cells


emigration or diapedesis
The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature


agglutinins
genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte


ESV
volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed


Increase in ESV when
stroke volume is decreased


Three cations with important effect on heart function
K+, Ca2+, and Na+


Increased blood levels of NA+
blocks Ca2+ inflow and decreases force of contraction


Excess in K+
blocks generation of action potentials


pharynx

,serves as a sound resonating chamber, contains tonsils, directs air flow inferiorly


larynx
passes air form pharynx into windpipe, site of sound production


paranasal sinuses
resonates sound, not part of the pharynx


fauces
opening from oral cavity into pharynx


tertiary bronchus
carries air to a segment of a lung


terminal bronchiole
carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole


pleural membranes
surround the lungs


surfactant
reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange


alveoli
actual sites of gas exchange


eupnea
normal, quiet breathing


costal breathing
shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles


compliance
amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall


inspiratory capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males


vital capacity
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in
males


functional residual capacity

,residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males


Henry's law
states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas and its solubility


Bohr effect
when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases


Dalton's law
each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure


medulla oblongata
sets basic rhythm of breathing


pons
includes the pontine respiratory group


Blood is
a connective tissue that consists of blood plasma (liquid) plus formed elements (red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets)


Whole blood
blood plasma and formed elements


Blood plasma
proteins, water, other solutes


Blood plasma proteins
albumins (54%), globulins (36%), fibrinogens (7%)


Formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets


Blood cell production
hemopoesis, mainly occurs in red bone marrow after birth


Reticulocyte
from proerythrocyte, ejects nucleus


Average lifespan of an erythrocyte
120 days

, Rate of RBC formation by red blood cells
equals the rate of RBC destruction by macrophages


Emigration or diapedesis is
the process by which phagocytic cells leave blood vessels


WBCs use to destroy pathogens
lysozyme, defensins, and certain anions


Neutrophils
are usually the first and most numerous responders to an infection


Macrophages
react more slowly to an infection than neutrophils do


Pluripotent stem cells are derived from
mesenchyme


Megakaryoblasts
platelet precursor cells, develop into megakaryocytes


Platelet
fragment of megakaryocyte that is enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane


Platelet plug
can stop blood loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is small enough


Hemostasis
sequence of responses that stops bleeding, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting


Blood clot
gel that contains formed elements of the blood entangled in fibrin threads


In blood clotting
coagulation factors are activated in sequence, resulting in a cascade of reactions that includes positive
feedback cycles


Extrinsic pathway of blood clotting
fewer steps, thromboplastic leaks into the blood from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and
initiates the formation of prothrombinase


Intrinsic pathway of blood clotting
more complex, occurs more slowly, activators are in direct contact with blood or contained within
(intrinsic to) the blood. Outside tissue damage is not needed.

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