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ICHS OB Pediatrics Exam Questions and Correct Answers with Explanations
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International College of Health Sciences ICHS OB Pediatrics Exam Questions and Correct Answers with Explanations
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International College of Heal th Sciences ICHS OB Pediatrics Exam Questions and Correct Answers with Explanations During a funduscopic examination of a school -age child, the nurse notes a brilliant, uniform red reflex in both eyes. The nurse should recognize that this is: A. a norma l finding. B. an abnormal finding; the child needs referral to an ophthalmologist. C. a sign of a possible visual defect; the child needs vision screening. D. a sign of small hemorrhages, which usually resolve spontaneously. Explanation Choice A rationale: A brilliant, uniform red reflex observed during a funduscopic examination is a normal finding. It indicates the absence of any abnormalities in the retina or lens. A normal red reflex is essential in ruling out serious conditions such as retinoblastoma, cataracts, or other eye abnormalities. Choice B rationale: An abnormal red reflex, especially if it is not uniform and brilliant, could indicate underlying eye conditions and would require referral to an ophthalmologist f or further evaluation. However, in this scenario, the description provided indicates a normal finding, making this choice incorrect. Choice C rationale: A uniform red reflex does not suggest a possible visual defect that requires vision screening. A normal red reflex indicates the absence of significant visual abnormalities, making this choice incorrect. Choice D rationale: Small hemorrhages in the eye would not present as a brilliant, uniform red reflex. Hemorrhages typically appear as dark spots or patche s and would be an abnormal finding requiring further evaluation. This choice is incorrect in the context of the described scenario. What should a nurse advise the parents of a child with type 1 diabetes mellitus who is not eating as a result of a minor il lness? A. Give the child half his regular morning dose of insulin. B. Substitute simple carbohydrates or calorie -containing liquids for solid foods. C. Give the child plenty of unsweetened, clear liquids to prevent dehydration. D. Take the child directly t o the emergency department. Explanation Choice A rationale: Adjusting the insulin dosage without proper medical guidance can be dangerous for a child with diabetes. Giving half the regular morning dose without considerin g the child's current blood glucose levels can lead to hypoglycemia, a potentially life -threatening condition. This choice is unsafe and incorrect. Choice B rationale: Substituting simple carbohydrates or calorie -containing liquids for solid foods might he lp maintain the child's blood glucose levels to some extent. However, it's crucial to ensure that the child's overall nutritional needs are met. In cases of illness, monitoring blood glucose levels and consulting with a healthcare provider are essential. T his choice, while not the best option, could be a temporary measure if the child is not eating solid foods due to illness. Choice C rationale: Giving the child plenty of unsweetened, clear liquids is the most appropriate choice. This helps prevent dehydrat ion, a common concern when a child is not eating or drinking adequately due to illness. Clear liquids, such as water, clear broths, or oral rehydration solutions, can help maintain hydration and provide some electrolytes. It's essential for parents to moni tor the child's condition closely and seek medical advice if the child's condition worsens. Choice D rationale: Taking the child directly to the emergency department is not necessary if the child is only experiencing a minor illness and is not eating. Howe ver, if the child shows signs of severe dehydration, persistent vomiting, or other concerning symptoms, seeking medical attention promptly is crucial. In the absence of these severe symptoms, choice C is the most appropriate course of action. Parents of a school -age child with hemophilia ask the nurse, "Which sports are recommended for children with hemophilia?" Which sport should the nurse recommend? A. Soccer. B. Swimming. C. Basketball. D. Football. Explanation Choice A rationale: Soccer involves running, sudden stops, and potential collisions, which can increase the risk of injuries and bleeding in children with hemophilia. While moderate exercise is generally beneficial for individuals with hemophilia, activities wit h a high risk of trauma, like soccer, should be avoided to prevent bleeding episodes. Therefore, soccer is not the recommended sport for children with hemophilia. Choice B rationale: Swimming is a highly recommended sport for children with hemophilia. It i s a low -impact exercise that improves cardiovascular health, strength, and flexibility without putting excessive stress on the joints. Swimming also reduces the risk of bleeding episodes, making it a safe and suitable choice for individuals with hemophilia . Choice C rationale: Basketball involves rapid movements, jumping, and physical contact, all of which can increase the risk of injuries and bleeding in children with hemophilia. Engaging in sports that involve frequent collisions or physical impact can le ad to joint bleeds and other complications in individuals with hemophilia. Therefore, basketball is not the recommended sport for children with hemophilia. Choice D rationale: Football, similar to soccer and basketball, involves intense physical contact an d rapid movements, making it a high -risk sport for children with hemophilia. Engaging in such activities significantly increases the likelihood of bleeding episodes and injuries. Therefore, football is not the recommended sport for children with hemophilia . The nurse is performing an assessment on a child and notes the presence of Koplik's spots. In which communicable disease are Koplik's spots present? A. Rubella. B. Measles (rubeola). C. Chickenpox (varicella). D. Exanthema subitum (roseola). Explanation Choice A rationale: Koplik's spots are small white or bluish -white spots with a red halo that appear inside the mouth on the buccal mucosa. They are a characteristic sign of measles (rubeola). Measles is a highly contag ious viral infection characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a distinctive red rash. The presence of Koplik's spots is a specific diagnostic feature of measles, making choice A incorrect for this scenario. Choice B rationale: Koplik's spots are a cl assic sign of measles (rubeola). These spots typically appear a few days before the onset of the measles rash and are highly indicative of the disease. Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that spreads through respiratory droplets. It is essentia l to recognize Koplik's spots as they provide an early clue to the diagnosis of measles, enabling healthcare providers to take appropriate precautions and prevent the further spread of the disease. Choice C rationale: Chickenpox (varicella) presents with a n itchy rash that progresses to fluid -filled blisters. However, Koplik's spots are not associated with chickenpox. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella -zoster virus and is characterized by a widespread rash, fever, and general discomfort. Koplik's spots a re specific to measles and do not occur in chickenpox. Choice D rationale: Exanthema subitum, also known as roseola, is a viral illness that primarily affects infants and young children. It is characterized by high fever followed by a rash. However, Koplik 's spots are not a feature of roseola. The rash in roseola appears after the fever subsides and is typically pink or red, differentiating it from the small white spots seen in measles. A nurse providing care to a child diagnosed with chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) will assess for which sign/symptom? A. Fever as high as 40° C (104° F). B. Severe pain in the ear. C. Nausea and vomiting. D. A feeling of fullness in the ear. Explanation Choice A rationale: Fever as high as 40° C (104° F). Fever is not typically a common sign or symptom of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME). Chronic OME is characterized by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs of acute infection. While fever might occur in acute otitis media, it is not a typical feature of chronic OME. Choice B rationale: Severe pain in the ear. Severe pain in the ear is more commonly associated with acute otitis media rather than chronic otitis media with effusion. Chronic OME usually presents w ith a sensation of fullness or hearing loss in the affected ear due to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear, but it does not cause severe ear pain. Choice C rationale: Nausea and vomiting. Nausea and vomiting are not typical signs or symptoms of chr onic otitis media with effusion. These symptoms are more likely to occur in conditions affecting the inner ear or vestibular system, not in chronic OME. Choice D rationale: A feeling of fullness in the ear. A feeling of fullness in the ear is a common sign of chronic otitis media with effusion. The accumulation of fluid in the middle ear can cause a sense of fullness or pressure in the affected ear. This sensation might be accompanied by mild hearing loss. It is now recommended that children with asthma wh o are taking long -term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently to monitor for increased risk. A. Cough. B. Osteoporosis. C. Slowed growth. D. Cushing's syndrome. Explanation Choice A rationale: Cough. While a coug h can be a side effect of inhaled steroids, it is not a significant concern compared to other potential risks. Long -term use of inhaled steroids can lead to slowed growth in children, making choice C the correct answer. Choice B rationale: Osteoporosis. Os teoporosis is a potential side effect of long -term use of inhaled steroids. These medications can affect bone density and increase the risk of osteoporosis, especially in individuals who are already at risk due to other factors such as age, gender, or fami ly history. Choice C rationale: Slowed growth. Long -term use of inhaled steroids can lead to slowed growth in children. It's important for healthcare providers to monitor the growth of children with asthma who are taking these medications regularly. If slo wed growth is observed, healthcare providers might consider adjusting the treatment plan. Choice D rationale: Cushing's syndrome. Cushing's syndrome is a rare but serious side effect of long -term steroid use. It is characterized by a collection of signs an d symptoms caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol (a steroid hormone). While it's a potential risk, slowed growth is a more common concern in children taking long -term inhaled steroids. The nurse is assessing a child with acute epiglottit is. Examining the child's throat by using a tongue depressor might precipitate which symptom or condition? A. Inspiratory stridor. B. Complete obstruction. C. Sore throat.The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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