NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers 2024/2025
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NUR 221
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NUR 221
NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified Answers 2024/2025
falls
The most common causes of TBIs are ____. TBI rates are higher for males than they are for females. The greatest opportunity for decreasing TBI is the implementation of prevention strategies.
primary
Damage to the brain or spin...
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NUR 221 Exam 2 Questions With Verified
Answers 2024/2025
falls
The most common causes of TBIs are ____. TBI rates are higher for males than they are for females.
The greatest opportunity for decreasing TBI is the implementation of prevention strategies.
primary
Damage to the brain or spinal cord from traumatic injury takes two forms. Injury that is the
consequence of direct contact during the instant of initial impact is known as [ primary / secondary ]
injury. These are usually permanent.
secondary
Damage to the brain or spinal cord from traumatic injury takes two forms. Injury that evolves over the
ensuing hours and days after the initial injury and that results from the inadequate delivery of
nutrients and oxygen to the cells is known as [ primary / secondary ] injury.
CSF
The cranium contains 3 main components: brain (80%), blood (10%) and ____ (acronym only) (10%).
closed
The Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis states that the cranial vault is a [ closed / open ] system. If one of the 3
components increases in volume, at least one of the other 2 must decrease in volume or the pressure
on the skull will increase.
ICP (intracranial pressure)
Any bleeding or swelling within the skull increases volume of the contents within the skull and as a
result increases ____ (acronym only). WNL is 0-15 mmHg.
base
Persistent localized pain usually suggests that a fracture is present. Fractures of the [ back / base /
front / top ] of the skull frequently produce hemorrhage from the nose, pharynx or ears (battle sign),
and blood may appear under the conjunctiva (raccoon eyes). CSF may leak from the ears and nose.
brain
The most important consideration in any head injury is whether the ____ is injured. Because the
cerebral cells need uninterrupted blood supply to obtain nutrients, irreversible damage and cell death
can occur if the blood supply is interrupted for even a few minutes.
least
Brain tissue is the [ least / most ] capable of compensating for an increase in ICP.
,most
CSF (shunting) and blood (vasoconstriction/dilation) are [ least / most ] capable of compensating for
an increase in ICP.
herniation
Displacement of brain tissue with damage to delicate brain structures is known as brain ____.
brain stem
Pressure in the skull will seek the path of least resistance, which in the case of IICP is toward the ____
(two words).
contusion
In this type of brain injury, the cortical surface of the brain is bruised and damaged in a specific area
because of severe acceleration-deceleration force or blunt trauma. The impact of the brain against
the skull leads to a ____.
moderate
Contusions occur with [ mild / moderate / severe ] blunt head injury.
scar
During recovery from a contusion, the bruised necrotic area is phagocytized and replaced with ____
tissue--i.e. permanent damage to brain tissue.
force
A contusion can result anywhere the brain comes into contact with the skull during impact or blunt
trauma. The extent of injury depends on the ____ of impact.
impact
Concussion, contusion, laceration, and coup-contrecoup injuries are primary injuries to the brain due
to direct ____.
concussion
An impact injury of the brain which results in momentary interruption of neurologic function with no
apparent structural damage is known as a ____. It may or may not lead to loss of consciousness.
Micro changes in neurons result.
, chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Repeated concussive incidents, e.g. during contact sports, can lead to a syndrome known as ____
(three words). S/Sx are similar to Alzheimer's disease.
severe
Brain laceration occurs with [ mild / moderate / severe ] blunt head injury.
brain laceration
Extensive damage to brain structures may occur with cooccurring deep coma. The brain damage is
often instant and irreversible due to brain vessel and tissue damage. This describes a ____ (2 words).
coup-contrecoup
The brain is thrown against one side of the skull and then rebounds and strikes the opposite side of
the skull. This describes a ____ (two-words) injury. Results in tearing of brain tissue, vessels and
nerves.
hematomas
Epidural, subdural and intracerebral are words to describe types of cerebral ____. Major symptoms
are frequently delayed until they are large enough to cause distortion of the brain and IICP.
epidural
A collection of blood between the inner bones of the skull and the dura mater is a(n) ____ hematoma.
It is most often due to a tear in the middle meningeal artery, that can lead to rapid compression of
the brain.
young
Epidural hematomas occur more often among the [ young / old ] because the dura mater is not firmly
attached to the skull.
loss of consciousness
The nurse knows that a person with an epidural hematoma might (but not always) present with a Hx
of head injury followed by a brief period of unconsciousness, followed by a period of lucidity, and
followed by another period of rapid loss of consciousness. Patients have a good prognosis if the
hematoma is removed before ____ (3 words).
subdural
A tear (or rupture of an aneurysm) in the small bridging veins between the surface of the cortex to the
dural sinuses can result in a ____ hematoma, located in the area between the dura mater and the
arachnoid space. Classified as acute or subacute.
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