Leiden University
International Bachelor in Psychology, Year 1
Chapter 3 Biology and Behavior
Summary consist of the literature IBP students need to know for the first year of the bachelor from the book "How children develop" by Siegler, Saffran, Eisenberg, DeLoache & Gershoff. (Fifth edition)
Test Bank For How Children Develop 5th Edition by Robert S. Siegler Chapter 1-16 Complete Guide A+
Test Bank For How Children Develop 5th Edition by Robert Siegler 9781319014230 Chapter 1-16 Complete Guide.
Test Bank For How Children Develop 5th Edition by Robert S. Siegler Chapter 1-16 Complete Guide A+
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Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Psychologie
Developmental and Educational Psychology
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Chapter 3 Biology and behavior
Nature and nurture
Genome = complete set of genes of any organism
1. Genotype = genetic material an individual inherits
2. Phenotype = observable expression of genotype, including body
characteristics and behavior
3. Environment
These three elements are involved in 5 relations important in the development of
every child:
1) parents’ genetic contribution to the child’s genotype
a) Chromosomes with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
b) Genes are codes for production of certain proteins.
c) XX = female, XY = male → father determines the sex.
d) Mutation = a change in a section of DNA → increase resistance to
disease/adapt to environment → evolution
e) Crossing over = process by which sections of DNA switch from one
chromosome to the other → promotes variability
2) contribution of the child’s genotype to his/her own phenotype
a) Endophenotypes = intermediate phenotypes including brain &
nervous systems that do not involve overt behavior
b) Genes are turned on and off → regulated by regulator genes.
c) Genes never function in isolation: one turned off, other turned on, etc.
d) Dominant vs. recessive alleles → homozygous or heterozygous for trait
e) Males are more likely to suffer from sex-linked inherited disorders
because of recessive alleles on their chromosomes.
f) Polygenic inheritance = inheritance in which traits are governed by
more than one gene.
3) contribution of the child’s environment to his/her phenotype
a) Norm of reaction = all the phenotypes that can theoretically result
from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can
survive and develop.
b) PKU = a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on
chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid
phenylalanine.
c) Parent’s relationship with child is important part of the environment →
is genetically influenced.
4) influence of the child’s phenotype on his/her environment
a) Child as source of own development → active creators of environment:
i) actively evoke certain kinds of responses from others
ii) actively select surroundings and experiences that match their
interests, talents, and personality characteristics.
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