This review will give you most of the info you need to know for this upcoming practical in BIO 1414. I have included pictures(including microscope slides that you need to identify), pre-lab & post-lab quiz questions, post-lab assignment questions, and objectives from each lab. All picture credit to...
BIO 1414 (LAB #1-4) LAB PRACTICAL #1 REVIEW LAB 1: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY LAB 2: EVOLUTION LAB 3: MICROBIOLOGY LAB 4: PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTION **Please wear appropriate lab attire and bring a scientific calculator with you on your test day!** LAB 1: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY ❏Learn the process and utility of DNA barcoding -Barcodes distinguish between different species with one group because they show the variation and difference in each DNA sequence -During the process of DNA barcoding, discrete gene loci are chosen as barcode regions, then unique DNA primer sets are determined that used to amplify these same regions across a range of species by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the result will be sequenced and compared -Several barcoding primers: ●GMOs: The primers amplify a 190 base pair fragment of the EPSPS gene ●Fungi: The primers amplify a 560 base pair fragment that is an internal transcribed spacer that surrounds the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene ●Plants: The primers amplify a 600 base pair fragment of the chloroplast gene rbcL ●Animals: The primers amplify a 700 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene ●Prokaryotes: The primers amplify a 1500 base pair fragment that is within the 16S rDNA, that encodes for the 16S ribosomal RNA ❏Steps to PCR -Denaturation – 94-98°C, separates the template DNA into single strands -Annealing – 55-70°C, allows primers to bind to the template with their specific complementary sequences -Extension – 65-72°C, allows the DNA polymerase to build complementary DNA extending from each primer 3'OH ❏Analysis of barcoding PCR products -The size of the fragments produced from the PCR reaction will be determined by comparing their migration to the migration of a marker, which is also run on the gel and has fragments of a known size -When plotting the log graph for analysis, treat it like a normal graph ●Include graph title, x-axis, and y-axis with units and a legend for when there are multiple lines/bars -X-axis should be the distance traveled (cm) and y-axis should be the size of the DNA fragment/marker (bp) -The distance of a fragment of DNA moves into the gel is inversely proportional to the size of the fragment in bp ●Which means a smaller sized fragment would more likely to travel farther ❏Learn the pros and cons of how to detect genetically modified foods -Arguments in favor of GMOs: ●Agricultural: Increased yield, and the ability to feed an ever-growing population ●Environmental: Reduced use of pesticides, herbicides, and fuel ●Nutritional: Improved quality of food ●Disease prevention: Foods that work like edible vaccines -Arguments against GMOs: ●Exposure to possible allergens and toxins ●Harm to the environment if not contained ●Antibiotic resistance ●The spread of introduced genes to non-target plants by outcrossing and pollen drift ❏Learn how to draw phylogeny trees -Phylogeny trees are drawn to understand the lineage of various species and how various functions evolved -Trees can be rooted or unrooted, the tips of the tree represent groups of descendent taxa and the nodes on the tree represent the common ancestors of those descendants -Two descendants that split from the same node are called sister groups, meaning they are closely related to each other ●The orientation of species within a sister group does not impact their lineage (see picture) -An outgroup is a taxon outside of interest -Step 1: Carefully observe the amino acid sequences and anatomy -Step 2: Rank the traits from the simplest to the most complex, certain traits will be shared by two or more taxa ●Parsimony decides between different tree topologies by identifying the tree that involves the shortest evolutionary pathway (the one with the
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller meismejennie. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
