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Theories Of Human Development Throughout The Lifespan-ASWB BSW Questions And Answers.
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1-Theories Of Human DevelopmentThroughout The Lifespan-ASWB BSW
Questions And Answers.
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development -
\1-Trust Vs. Mistrust (birth-1yo)
2-Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt (1yo-3yo)
Autonomy=encouraged and supports to increase independence / Shame/Doubt=
criticized and overly controlled to decrease independence and decrease self esteem.
3-Initiative Vs. Guilt (3yo-6yo)
4-Industry Vs. Inferiority (6yo-Puberty)
Industry= w/encouragement will feel confident and industrious / Inferiority= restrictions
and discouragement will feel inferior and doubt self
5-Identity Vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
6-Intimacy Vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Intimacy= comfortable meaningful relationships / Isolation= no comfortable or
meaningful relationships=isolation, loneliness, depression, etc.
7-Gererativity Vs. Stagnation(Middle Adulthood)
Careers, Families, "bigger picture", w/o these achievements= feeling stagnant and
unproductive
8-Ego Integrity Vs. Despair (Older Adults)
Slow Down, Retire, reflect on life's accomplishments.
Integrity= satisfied with their progression of life / Despair= dissatisfaction which leads to
depression and hopefulness
Erik Erikson's 2 Possible Outcomes for Social Development -
\1-Successful completion of each stage=healthy personality with successful/healthy
interactions with other.
2-Failure to successfully complete a stage resulted in unhealthy personality and sense
of self. Stages can however be resolved successfully at a later time.
Nature vs. Nurture -
\-Heredity VS. Environment
-name for a controversy (Myth)in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is
responsible for driving behavior.
-They work TOGETHER
6 levels of cognition -
\1. Knowledge(Memorizations, Recognition, Recall Facts)
2. Comprehension(Understanding what the facts mean)
3. Application(Correct use of facts, rules, ideas, etc)
4. Analysis(Breaking information down into parts)
, 5. Synthesis(combining facts, ideas, etc. to make a new whole)
6. Evaluation(judging/forming opinion about info or situation.
Kohlberg's stages of moral/cognitive development -
\1-Sensorimotor(0-2yo)
2-Preoperational (2-7yo)
3-Concrete Operations (7-11yo)
4-Formal Operations (11yo-Maturity)
sensorimotor stage -
\in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants
know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
preoperational stage -
\in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child
learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete
logic
concrete operational stage -
\in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of
age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically
about concrete events
formal operational stage -
\in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age
12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
4 orientations of learning theories -
\1-Behaviorist(Pavlov/Skinner)
2-Cognitive(Piaget)
3-Humanistic(Maslow)
4-Social/Structural(Bandura)
Behaviorist Theory -
\(Pavlov/Skinner)
Personality is constructed by a series of learning experiences that occur through
interactions between the individual and their environment. Change in Bx=External
Env./Stimuli
Change Env. to change bx.
Cognitive Theory -
\(Piaget)
A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time.
According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Learning is viewed through internal processes.
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