The exam is 50 questions and worth 100 points. You are allowed 75 minutes to complete the exam.Be sure to start the exam
early enough to allow for completion prior to Sunday at 11:59 pm when the exam wil close and lock. You will not be allowed to
continuetakingtheexam afterSunday@11:59pmMT.
Exam...
The exam is 50 questions and worth 100 points. You are allowed 75 minutes to complete the exam. Be sure to start the exam
early enough to allow for completion prior to Sunday at 11:59 pm when the exam will close and lock. You will not be allowed to
continue taking the exam after Sunday@11:59 pm MT.
Exam tips:
-Exam questions can be drawn from readings, discussion content and also course lectures and interactive learning activities
- The course is a review. It is an expectation that you fully understand the physical assessment findings (normal and abnormal) for
all content. You may be tested on normal findings for each body system.
Week 1 EENT:
Review the complete EENT exam in your physical assessment text if you need to review this information
Questions can include pathophysiology, health assessment (normal and abnormal), and pharmacologic treatment
Review required readings, course lectures, case study and learning activity.
EENT diagnoses- know bacterial, viral and allergic presentations for each
Ear: anatomy, function of structures, hearing loss- types of loss
The ear
• Parts of the ear
o 3 sections
▪ External ear consists of
• Pinna: visible flap on the side of the head
• External auditory- aka canal
o Passes through temporal bone to tympanic membrane (ear drum)
▪ Tympanic membrane separates external and middle ear
▪ Middle ear consists of
• Tympanic cavity: hollow area in the bone that contains 3 tiny bones (malleus, incus and stapes)
making up ossicles
• Opens into the auditory (eustachian tube) which connects to nasopharynx
▪ Inner ear- aka labyrinth
• Consists of cochlea and semicircular
• Hearing loss
• 2 types: conduction deafness and sensorineural deafness
o Conduction deafness: sound is blocked in the external ear or middle ear
▪ Examples:
• Accumulation of wax or foreign object in canal blocking sound waves
• Scar tissue or adhesions
o Sensorineural: develops w/ damage to organ of corti or auditory nerve
▪ Can result from:
• infection (rubella, influenza and herpes)
• head trauma
• neurologic disorders affecting the auditory nerve or temporal lobe
, • ototoxic drugs can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss
o antibxs: streptomycin, neomycin, vancomycin
o analgesics: aspirin ibuprofen
o diuretic: furosemide(Lasix)
o some antineoplastic
• tinnitus- early sign of toxicity
• tx
o noise suppression therapy
o meds that help reduce severity of condition
• sudden, very loud sounds or prolonged exposure to loud nose damage hair cells
• presbycusis- sensorineural
o occurs in elderly d/t a decrease number of hair cells or degeneration of cochlea
• congenital deafness
o may be inherited or result from infection or trauma during pregnancy or delivery
,o early dx and tx are essential for development of child
▪ interferes w/ speech and social development
• hearing aids may be used when appropriate
o cochlear implants used in sensorineural loss
▪ preferred to be used in early age
vision- common diagnoses of the eye, age related changes, physical assessment findings
Structural defect- interfere w/ focusing of a clear image on the retina
• Myopia: nearsightedness
• Hyperopia: farsightedness
• Presbyopia: farsightedness associated w/ gaining when the loss of elasticity reduces accommodation
• Astigmatism: irregular curvature in cornea or lens
• Strabismus: squint or cross-eye
o Deviation of one eye resulting in double vision (diplopia)
o May be caused by
▪ Weak or hypertonic muscle
▪ Short muscle
▪ Neurologic defect
o Children must be treated ASAP to prevent development of amblyopia (suppression by the brain of visual image
from affected eye)
• Nystagmus- involuntary abnormal mvt of one or both eyes
o Back and forth rhythmic motion, jerky mvt or circular motion
o May result from neurologic causes, inner ear or cerebellar disturbances or drug toxicity
• Diplopia- double vision; paralysis of upper eyelid (ptosis)
o Can be caused by trauma to cranial nerves resulting in paralysis of extraocular muscles
Pharyngitis- pathophysiology (includes responsible organism), subjective complaints, PE findings, laboratory findings, first line
treatment , complications, timeframe of complications, length of contagion
Pharyngitis- inflammation process involving pharynx (pharyngitis) and pharyngeal tonsils (tonsillitis)
• Aka strep throat
• May occur independently or both at same time
• Allergic pharyngitis
o IgE mediated diseases in response to triggers
o Common triggers
▪ Grass
▪ Pollen
▪ Mold
o Persistent triggers
▪ Dust
▪ Mites
▪ Animal dander
o Common complaints (subjective)
▪ Postnasal drip
▪ Sneezing
▪ Itchy, watery eyes
▪ Sore throat
o Objective findings
▪ Bilateral injected conjunctive (eye redness), clear discharge
▪ Pharynx: edema with minimal redness, clear exudate
o Tx
• Viral
, acetaminophen or ibuprofen PRN
▪ Sore throat: ▪ OTC antihistamines: diphenhydramine, loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine
throat lozenges,
o Common agents: human rhinovirus and adenovirus
o Common complaints( subjective)
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