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Summary GCSE History Unification of Italy full notes
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Full notes in table format for IGCSE Pearson Edexcel History, Unification of Italy
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The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian statesCauses of the Influence of the French Revolution:
- Napoleon invaded Italy a long time ago and brought revolutionary ideas with him
1848 Revolutions
in the Italian Anti-Austrian feeling:
States - This series of organised revolts happened because people wanted a liberal government
which was free of Austrian control
- Their aim was to drive out Austria while being led by the states within the Kingdom of
Piedmont-Sardinia – there were also revolts in the states of central Italy
Examples of uprisings:
- Republic of San Marco: 1848-1849, it lasted for 17 months before being crushed by
Austria, it extended into most of Venetia and attempted to unite with Piedmont-
Sardinia
- The Sicilian revolution: 1848-1849, first to occur in 1848 against Bourbon rule (there
were 2 others before this) – resulted in Sicily becoming an independent state for 16
months
- Five Day of Milan: 18-22 March 1848, major event in 1848 and it was what started the
First Italian War of Independence, and this drove out Radetzky and Austrian troops out
of Milan and they fled towards Venetia
Piedmont vs Austria:
- March 1848: Piedmontese troops move into Lombardy and declare war on Austria
- May 1848: Battle of Goito – Piedmont defeats Austria
- July 1848: 1st Battle of Custozza – Austria defeats Piedmont and in August, Austria re-
takes Lombardy
- March 1849: Battle of Novara – Austria defeats Piedmont again – Austria threatened to
occupy Piedmont so in order to preserve Piedmont’s independence, Charles Albert
abdicated
First Italian War of independence was lost
The new Tuscany:
- Leopold II was the Grand Duke of Tuscany until 1860 – because he was later restored
constitutions in
Tuscany and - Despite Austrian influence he refused to adopt Austrian methods of government
Piedmont
- Allowed a fair amount of freedom of the press and permitted political exiles however
calls for a constitution were becoming louder
- He granted several administrative reforms but was curbed by Austria when it came to
going further
- February 1848: Constitution was granted in Tuscany but in 1850 Austria invaded and
indefinitely occupied Tuscany – treaty signed
Piedmont and the Statuto:
- Granted by Charles Albert on the 4th of March 1848 and was based on the French
Charter of 1830 so it was most likely in favour of the king
, - It ensured citizen equality and gave limited rights of free assembly and of free press but
gave voting rights to less that 3% of the population
- Set up a strong constitutional monarchy
- Established Roman Catholicism as the state religion but allowed freedom of religion
within the law
- Crown was hereditary and limited to males
- Legislative power was exercised collectively by the king, the senate, and the chamber of
deputies
- The king had executive power alone and was declared sacred and inviolable
- The king could:
Declare war + was head of the army
Create treaties and alliances
Appoint all state officials
Sign bills into law
Propose new legislation
- Citizens and their rights:
All citizens were equal before the law
Equal civil and political rights regardless of ranks and titles
All were eligible for civil and military offices
All were required to pay taxes in proportion to their possessions
Granted the right of habeas corpus – prevented unlawful imprisonment
Guaranteed personal liberty
Compensation for anyone that had to give up part or all their property
Freedom of press, but the government could punish abusers
Unarmed, and peaceful right to freely assemble
Taxes could not be collected without the consent of the Chambers and the king
Mazzini’s failed Event:
- During the revolts of 48-49, the Pope fled Rome and the Roman Republic was formed
democratic revolt on the 9th of February 1849
against the pope
in Rome - Republic was led by a triumvirate: Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini – aimed to reflect the
government of Ancient Rome
- The Republic sought to enshrine a constitution, freedom of religion, and the Pope could
govern the Catholic Church
What was achieved? :
- Mazzini had won the favour of many peasants by confiscating some Church land and
giving it to the poor
- Abolished macinato tax (tax on grinding corn) – in favour of peasants
- Ended press censorship
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