AS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Q & A 2024.
0 view 0 purchase
Course
Bsn Nursing
Institution
Bsn Nursing
AS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGAS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Q & A 2024.AS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Q & A 2024.AS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY EXAM Q & A 2024.Y EXAM Q & A 2024.
AS.200.101 FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
EXAM Q & A 2024
• Types of perceptions
○ Vision (sight)
○ Audition (hearing)
○ Olfaction (smell)
○ Gustation (taste)
○ Somatosensation (touch)
○ Proprioception
○ Thermosensation
○ Nociception
• Vision is our most dominant sense
○ Also dominates our brain
○ We understand vision the best
• Sensation vs perception
○ Sensation --> stimulation of our sense organs by the world
• Perception --> organizing sensory stimulation into a coherent picture of the world
• Unconscious inference
• Discounting the illuminant --> what is the quality of light in room and subtracting from light hitting
your eye
• 3D world
• Retina is 2D
• Cues to size and distance
○ Linear perspective
○ Motion
• Magnification --> certain parts of eyes have
○ Refrigerator light illusion
• Attention is linked with awareness
○ "Change blindness" --> failure to become aware of even big changes when we are not
paying attention to it
Theory of mind
• Three mountains task
○ Child couldn't tell what was on the side for the adult
• Mean monkey task
○ Even when kid should be motivated to exploit, they don’t do it
Kids can't think of other minds
• False believe task
• Babies are attached to pro-social behavior
• Babies know good from bad
• Babies prefer good
• Change blindness
,• Heritability --> the proportion of trait variation that is explained by genetic variation
○ Not how "genetic" is trait X in some person, but how "genetic" are differences in trait X across people
○ When people differ in a trait, by how much do they differ because of genetics
○ e.g. eye color ~1, heart disease ~0.5, #eyes ~0 (when people differ in the number of eyes, it's not about
genes, but probably an accident)
○ You can't ask for heritability in a single individual
○ Essentially everything related to personality is heritable
e.g. intelligence --> controversial
□ People have different intelligences and they also perform differently on intelligence tests
□ This shows that there is nothing about group differences
• Group differences are entirely environmental
○ Even in traits that are highly heritable, if not treated well, the overall group cheated poorly doesn't do as
well
Plant example
• The Flynn Effect --> intelligence is increasing because our environment is helping us obtain and retain more
intelligence
• Parenting matters less than you think
• One of the reasons for personality is why people behave a certain way in certain situations
○ Are people inherently good or inherently bad?
○ The way behave in situations based on personality and also the situation
○ How people behave in groups, etc.
• Sheridan and King experiment (1972)
○ Subjects are show a (real) cute fluffy puppy
○ Asked to watch the puppy complete a task and shock it if it got the wrong answer
○ Each wrong answer increases the voltage up to 450 V
○ Course credit was earned upon arrival, so there is no obligation to continue
○ 77% of the people shocked the puppy just because someone said to shock it
○ Obedience to authority
• Milgram obedience experiment
○ people will also shock other humans as well in the same situation
○ Was redone in 2009 and still 70% of people will administer the shock
○ Obedience --> doing something because someone told you to behave like that
• Asch (1956) conformity test
○ Acting in a way because our peers are engaging in it
○ Peer pressure
○ People are given a task in which the answer is super easy
The people who are in the room give incorrect answers
You know the real answer, but you still say an incorrect answer because the others in the room
also said an incorrect answer
○ If one of the people in the room give your answer, then increases the chance that you will also say your
(correct) answer
• Kitty Genovese --> attacked outside her apartment and was killed
○ 37 people saw the murder, but didn't call the police
○ Bystander Effect --> we won't do something if we are part of a bigger group because we think other
people will do the thing (we don't intervene when we are in larger groups)
Diffusion of responsibility --> feeling less responsible for things when other people are involved
e.g. Florida teen recording man drowning but calls 911
• Different feelings when associated with certain groups
• Henri Tajfel --> minimal group paradigm
○ Minimal way that you can divide people into groups and still have people care about them
People were brought into lab and asked to count how many dots are on the screen
Divide people by the number of dots they said into two groups - if you said high number vs low
, number
□ Divided in an arbitrary way
Given choice to allocate resources - give resource to someone and take away resource from
someone
People will give resources to someone chosen arbitrarily in their same group
□ People in the same group will feel less towards the other group (in general)
⬥ e.g. enjoying failure of other group and being sad when the other group does well
○ Same experiment done when people are divided by coin flip (totally arbitrary)
○ People are divided into rattlers or seagull team randomly
Kurt is on rattlers team and he goes to free concert
People in the different teams are asked how bad and how good they feel
□ People in the same group feel good when something good happens to someone else in their
group
□ People in different groups feel bad when something good happens to someone else in the
other group
• Categorization --> lets us make decisions about the world without investigating the particular object
individually
○ If you can place something into a category then you can "assume"
○ e.g. you want to know if something is edible, if you categorize with something else that is edible then
you know you can eat and how nutritious it is
○ helpful, efficient, fast
• Categorizing people
○ Thin Slicing (Nalini Ambady) --> snap judgements we make about other people
First impressions (e.g. is someone smart, going to help us, etc.) and how accurate it is
Students shown silent video of professor giving a lecture and asked to judge how good the lecturer
is and then comparing that to the real teacher evaluations
□ It takes 6 seconds to make an accurate prediction for the course (very thin)
• Accuracy vs. stickiness (people in that course made the same first impression as you and they are stubborn
and didn't change their minds, so it just matches) vs. self- fulfilling prophecy (if you think it will be a good class,
, then the class will be good; if you think the class will be bad, you don't participate and the class becomes bad)
• From 6 second silent clip you can predict of a person's :
○ Talkativeness
○ Politics
○ Lying
○ Psychopathology
○ "gaydar" - sexual orientation
• What do we know about groups?
○ Group bias
○ Diffusion of responsibility
○ Categorization
○ Snap judgements
• These aspects of groups and judgements can lead to police brutality based on race
○ Police officers themselves will say they don't have any biases (and they are honest about this)
Implicit bias --> bias we don't or can't verbally express (because we may not know it exists)
□ Studied by getting clues from behavior
⬥ One clue is from the language used
◊ Hurricane Katrina --> for black man used the word looting and for a white couple
used the word finding food
🞂 Same action described completely differently
◊ Semantics derived from language have human like biases --> technology or
computer taught human language and directed to talk like a human --> showed
human bias
□ Implicit association test --> reveals what we think goes together and what things don't go
together
⬥ Demo: if playing card is heart of diamond --> clap hands; spade or club --> stomp feet
◊ When switched to heart or club --> clap hands, spade and diamond --> stomp
feet, people have a harder time doing the task because we already associated in
the first round and its hard to break the associations
⬥ Demo: clap hands when see positive word or white face, stomp feet when see
negative word or black face
◊ Switched to clap hands when see negative word or white face, stomp feet when
see positive word or black face
🞂 It takes half a second longer to associated black with good and white with
bad than black with bad and white with good
– Shows we thin with bias
⬥ Prejudice and perception
◊ You will see an object that is either object or tool, before you see object you will
see white face or black face (face, then object shown)
🞂 See white face --> easier to identify gun than tool
🞂 See black face --> subjects are faster to call something a gun and takes
significantly longer to call something not a gun
🞂 Seeing black face is easier to identify gun
◊
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ClemAcademia. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $21.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
