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Portage NURS 251 - Test 3 2024/2025 graded A+ by experts
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Portage NURS 251 - Test 3 2024/2025 graded A+ by experts
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Portage NURS 251 - Test 3Two factors that determine a person's blood pressure - ANSCardiac Output and Systemic
Vascular Resistance
Cardiac output - ANSamount of blood ejected from the heart's left ventricle in one minute (heart
rate x stroke volume)
SVR (systemic vascular resistance) - ANSamount of resistance to blood flow
Contributing factors to a patient's blood pressure - ANSCardiac Factors: heart rate,
contractibility
Circulating Volume: salt, alaosterone, hormones, and peripheral sympathetic receptors
Hypertension Classification - ANSNormotensive = <120/80
Prehypertensive = 120-139/80-89
Hypertensive = >140/90
Stage 1 = 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 = >160/100
How to take blood pressure - ANSThe instrument used is called a sphygmomanometer. The
health care provider uses a blood pressure cuff to cut off the blood flow from the brachial artery.
As they release the pressure in the cuff, using a stethoscope, they are listening for the first
sound, called the Korotkoff sound, meaning there is no longer enough pressure to keep all the
blood from flowing. This is the top number or systolic value of the patient's blood pressure. The
provider continues to let air out of the cuff and eventually the sounds disappear, representing
that the brachial artery is now completely open. This is known as the diastolic value or bottom
number in a patient's blood pressure.
Differentiate essential hypertension and secondary hypertension - ANS-Essential hypertension
(primary hypertension): cause of the increased blood pressure is unknown.
-Secondary hypertension: elevated blood pressure is caused by another disease.
peripheral resistance - ANSresistance generated by the flow of blood through the arteries.
When this happens, the kidney releases an enzyme called renin.
Renin enzyme - ANSleads to further vasoconstriction, water and sodium retention, and an
increase in blood pressure
What happens to the peripheral resistance during high blood pressure - ANSthere is an
increased peripheral resistance which decreases blood supply to the kidney.
, Antihypertensive therapy - ANS-goal is to decrease morbidity and mortality without decreasing
quality of life
Antihypertensive therapy should be started in patients - ANS· 60+ if their blood pressure
>150/90mm/Hg.
· 59- or those with chronic kidney disease or diabetes used when the blood pressure
>140/90mm/Hg.
The four first line antihypertensives - ANS-Thiazide diuretics
-ACE-Inhibitors
-ARBs
-CCBs
Thiazide Diuretics (mechanism of action & example) - ANS- known as a low sodium diet
- decreases plasma and extracellular fluid volumes which decreases preload and leads to a
decrease in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
- Hydrochlorothiazide
ACE Inhibitors (mechanism of action & example) - ANS- Prevent angiotensin I from being
converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. It also stimulates the
reabsorption of water and sodium into the body. Both of these actions raise blood pressure.
Therefore, by blocking, blood pressure is reduced.
- Lisinopril (Prinivil)
ARBs (mechanism of action & example) - ANS- Block the binding of Angiotensin II to type 1
Angiotensin II receptors. This blocks vasoconstriction and the secretion of aldosterone.
Aldosterone causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed into the body, which can raise BP.
Therefore, by blocking this receptor, blood pressure is reduced.
- Losartan (Cozzar)
CCBs (mechanism of action & example) - ANS- Blocks Calcium from binding to receptors which
causes smooth muscles to relax, thereby preventing contraction
- Amlodipine (Norvasc)
Sites of action of major antihypertensive medications - ANSthe brain, heart, blood vessels, and
kindeys
Angina pectoris - ANSchest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen
Key terms related to angina - ANS-coronary artery disease
-ischemia
-myocardial infarction
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