Praxis II Psychology 5391 Self Study Questions and Answers
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Course
Praxis Psychology 5391
Institution
Praxis Psychology 5391
Wilhelm Wundt first psych lab in Germany 1879, asked people their thoughts
organismic valuing natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience
Joseph Wolpe originated systematic desensitization
z-score tells how many SD's away from the mean a score is
Lewin Argued that psycholo...
Praxis II Psychology 5391 Self Study Questions and Answers Wilhelm Wundt ✅first psych lab in Germany 1879, asked people their thoughts organismic valuing ✅natural, undistorted, full -body reaction to an experience Joseph Wolpe ✅originated systematic desensitization z-score ✅tells how many SD's away from the mean a score is Lewin ✅Argued that psychology should not only increase the scientific understanding of human behavior but should also improve the quality of human life. He aimed to take psychology out of the laboratory and into the social world. Edward Titchener ✅Wundt's student came to US, questioned mental experiences, associated with structuralism. asked people their thoughts but no way to verify. inductive thought ✅Going from specific facts or observations to general principles deductive thought ✅Going from general principles to specific situations Response cost ✅removal of a positive reinforcer after a response structuralism ✅introspective theory of mind used by Titchener but impossible to verify William James ✅focused on learning how people produce useful behaviors (functionalism) functionalism ✅focused on behaviors, reacted against structuralism psychophysical ✅description of relationship between physical properties of a stimulus and its perceived properties Darwin's animal intelligence ✅the theory of natural selection gave interest to animal studies, people sought to measure and compare intelligences John Watson ✅associated with rise of behaviorism, focused on the observable vs. mental processes artifact ✅an error caused by improper statistical manipulation of experimental data or a logical flaw in experimental design, unintended variable content validity ✅method in social research for assessing the validity of an instrument or a scale. physiological explanation ✅describes the mechanisms that produce a behavior (e.g., a bird flying south. Is it changes in the sunlight, magnetic field, etc.?) central nervous system ✅brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system ✅bundles of nerves between spinal cord and rest of body. Somatic nervous system connects to skin and muscles; autonomic nervous system connects to heart, stomach, and organs. occipital lobe ✅specialized for vision temporal lobe ✅complex aspects of vision, hearing amygdala ✅emotional situations parietal lobe ✅Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature, and touch primary somatosensory cortex ✅sensitive to touch in different body areas medulla ✅Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate cerebellum ✅Responsible for balance and coordination of muscles and the body hypothalmus ✅motivated behaviors Responsible for behaviors such as hunger and thirst, as well as the maintenance of body temperature hippocampus ✅Responsible for processing of long term memory and emotional responses thalamus ✅diagnoses sensory input and redirects. Responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed corpus callosum ✅Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain prefrontal cortex ✅decision making area of brain Autonomic nervous system ✅controls the internal organs such as the heart. It has two parts, the sympathetic nervous system which deals with fight/flight activities and the parasympathetic nervous system promotes activities that occur during relaxation (digestion, etc.) endocrine system ✅is a set of glands that produce hormones, which alter activity in organs signal detection theory ✅the study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms. subliminal perception ✅the idea that stimuli sometimes influence our behavior even when they are presented so faintly that we do not consciously perceive them. There is a possibility of unconscious influences. feature detector theory ✅idea that we see features separately gestalt ✅seeing as a whole heritability ✅an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity. Heritability ranges from 1 - heredity controls all variance to 0 - controls none of it. multiplier effect ✅a small initial advantage in some behavior (possibly genetic in origin) alters the environment and magnifies that advantage habituation ✅decreased response to a repeated stimulus cross -sectional study ✅compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time longitudinal study ✅follows a single group of individuals as they develop selective attrition ✅the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study sequential ✅researchers start with groups of people at different ages, studied at the same time, and then study them again at later times. cohort effects ✅a group of people born at a particular time or belong to a certain group will have different experiences than others schema ✅according to Piaget, an organized way of interacting with objects assimilation ✅applying an old schema to new objects or problems
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