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CRJS 360 Practice Exam Score A+
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CRJS 360 Practice Exam Score A+
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CRJS 360 Practice Exam Score A+Aggression Answer - Any behaviour towards another individual that is carried out with a proximate (immediate) intent to cause harm
Violence Answer - Aggression that has extreme harm as its goal (e.g., death)
Social learning theory Answer - Theory of crime proposed by Ron Akers that suggests that people commit crime not only as a result of direct reinforcement for criminal behaviour through a process of operant conditioning but also through vicarious reinforcement by observing others being rewarded for their criminal behaviour.
First-degree murder Answer - Planned and deliberate or if victim is a peace officer (e.g., police officer) or a prison employee (e.g., correctional officer, institutional parole officer) or if the victim's death is caused while committing or attempting to commit hijacking of an aircraft, sexual assault, kidnapping, hostage taking, criminal harassment, terrorist activity, use of explosives in association with a criminal organization, or intimidation
Second-degree murder Answer - Murder that is not first-degree
Mass murderer Answer - Single location with no "cooling off period"
Spree murderer Answer - Two or more locations with no "cooling-off period," often occurs in context of another crime
Serial murderer Answer - Different locations, three or more victims, with "cooling-off period," and most are male, kill alone, are white, and usually victimize young female strangers
4 major types of serial murderers. Answer - Visionary, mission-oriented serial murderer, hedonistic, and power/control
Visionary killer Answer - Psychotic and suffers severe break with reality with an inner voice or apparition that commands him or her to kill
Infanticide Answer - When a female, by a willful act or omission, causes the death of
her newly-born child
Two subtypes of mission-oriented serial killers Answer - Demon-mandated and God-mandated
Multiple murders is usually defined as Answer - killing three or more victims Multiple murders can be divided into Answer - mass murder, spree murder, and serial murder
Mission-oriented serial murderer Answer - Not psychotic, takes upon himself to rid the world or community of a group of people that he considers to be undesirable
Three subtypes of Hedonistic serialists Answer - Lust, thrill, comfort
Power/control killer Answer - Desires total capture of victim and wants to hold fate of
victim in his hands
Lust killers and thrill killers Answer - Both have made an integral connection between personal violence and sexual gratification. However, gross acts of necrophilia may accompany the process-kill for the lust killer. With the thrill killer, the victim must be alive so that the killer can feed off the terror that the victim is experiencing
Comfort killers Answer - The killer murders for anticipated materialistic gains (money, business, or other financial reasons)
Crime determinants Answer - distal and proximal
crime determinant, distal Answer - historical
crime determinant, proximal Answer - immediate or situational
Criminal behaviour Answer - Intentional and violates a criminal code and does not occur accidentally or without justification of excuse
Central 8 risk factors Answer - 1. history of antisocial behaviour 2. antisocial personality pattern 3. antisocial cognition 4. antisocial associates 5. family and/or marital 6. school and/or work 7. leisure and/or recreation 8. and substance abuse.
Central Eight Answer - The eight most strongly identified risk factors, as identified through meta-analysis.
child abuse Answer - Any act or omission that results in harm or threatened harm to the health or welfare of a child.
Evidence-based practice Answer - Integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and best research evidence into decision making process for patient care
6 factors of strong theory Answer - 1. Parsimonious 2. identifies causal mechanisms
3. corresponding mediators and moderators underlying the phenomenon of interest 4. is testable and hence falsifiable via hypotheses and predictions 5. is based on empirical data and is modified in response to new data 6. possesses interdisciplinary
compatibility, and respects gender, ethnicity, and culture Natural selection Answer - Primary mechanism through which evolution created all species. Works by allowing the "trait" that bestowed a reproductive fitness advantage
to be "selected" for in the sense that those with the trait lived long enough to procreate and pass it on the next generation.
phenotype Answer - An individual's observed property or how one's genotype is actually expressed. For example, a genotype may have a recessive gene for blue eyes but a phenotype may be for brown eyes.
Classical conditioning Answer - A form of learning that takes place when an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that produces an unconditioned response (e.g., salivation) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone) such that, over time, a conditioned response (e.g., salivation) is reproduced using only the conditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning Answer - A form of learning that takes place by experiencing environmental consequences caused by behaviour, especially reinforcement and punishment.
Monozygotic (MZ) are Answer - Genetically identical -
Crime Answer - Offence that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
Examples of psychodynamic theories Answer - Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation and Hirschi's Control Theories such as his general theory of crime
Hirschi's social control theory Answer - People don't violate law because of social controls
biological theories of crime—while not discounting the importance of social factors—
tend to focus on Answer - the impact of physiological, biochemical, neurological, and/or genetic factors.
Sutherland differential association theory Answer - Theory of crime proposed by Edwin Sutherland that suggests that people commit crime when they are exposed (e.g., in intimate group settings) to an excess of definitions (i.e., attitudes) that are favourable to law-breaking versus definitions that are unfavourable to law-breaking.
PIC-R Answer - An integrative and situational model of criminal behaviour that recognizes the influence of both historical and immediate factors in an individual arriving at the decision to engage in a criminal act and to view such behaviour as appropriate.
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation Answer - Suggests that young children require consistent and continuous maternal care in order for them to develop normally (i.e., to resolve many psychological conflicts that children encounter throughout their psychosexual development), disruption to mother-child relationship will have many harmful and potentially irreversible long-term effects, especially in relation to child's ability to establish meaningful prosocial relationships. Lacking such
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