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Providing an easy to understand, understandable and thorough walk through of the entire B1 section of AQA higher tier Biology
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AQA BIOLOGY – ENTIRE B11.1 - Cell Structure
1.2 - Kingdoms of life
1.3 to 1.6 - Microscopy
1.7 - Mitosis
1.8 - Binary fission
1.9 - Culturing micro-organisms
1.10 - Stem Cells
1.11 - Specialised cells and
differentiation
1.12 - Stem Cells in medicine
1.13 - Diffusion
1.14 - Osmosis
1.15 - Active Transport
1.16 - Surface area to Volume ratio
1.17 - Specialised exchange surfaces
, B1.1 - CELL STRUCTURE
ORGANELLES – ROLES – WHERE FOUND:
• Nucleus – contain genetic material and control cells
activities – Eukaryotic cells e.g. Animal cells and Plant cells
• Cell membrane – Controls which substances pass in and
out of cell (selectively permeable) - All cells
• Cytoplasm – Where chemical reactions take place, made
up of salts and nutrients – All cells
• Mitochondria – Site of aerobic respiration, provides energy
for the cell – nearly all cells (e.g. not RBC – Red blood cells)
• Ribosomes – Site of protein synthesis – nearly all cells part
of a multicellular and prokaryotic organism
• Cell Wall – Rigid structureCV for support and structure, made
of cellulose – some fungus, plants, prokaryotes Cells - Smallest unit of
• Permanant vacuole – contains cell sap (mixture of sugars, life that can replicate
salts and water) - some fungus, algae & plants independently
• Chloroplasts – Site of photosynthesis, contains pigment
called chlorophyll – Plants and algae Multi-cellular
• Flagella – Enables movement – Bacteria organism's cells
• Plasmids – Extra genes that aren't essential for life but kept reproduce for growth
– Bacteria and replacement of
• Single circular strand of DNA – Genes to survive and dead cells
reproduce - Bacteria
, B1.2 - Kingdoms of life
} }
ANIMALS Fungi:
PLANTS Viruses:
5 KINGDOMS EUKARYOTIC • Can be multicellular (e.g. mushroo
FUNGI • Extremely
OF LIFE and can be unicellular (e.g. yeast)
PROTOCTISTS small
• They can't photosynthesis (saprot
BACTERIA
VIRUSES } NOT LIVING } PROKARYOTIC
particles
(not cells as
• Most feed through saprophytic nut
(secret digestive enzymes on food
they're not
down > absorb)
alive)
Animals: • Most have a
Protists:
• around 5 to 10 million species protein coat
• Nearly all are unicellular but there
• Heterotrophs (energy from others) and genetic
e.g. chlorella can photosynthesis,
• Most sexually reproduce material
amoeba consumes others
(DNA/RNA)
• Most have nothing to do with hum
Plants: • Parasites
some are classed as pathogens
• Multicellular (rely on
• Autotrophs (energy from the sun) other
Bacteria:
organisms
• Unicellular
for survival
• Some can photosynthesis
and
• Some are pathogens but most don
reproductio
anything to do with humans, some
n)
helpful like digestive bacteria in yo
• All are
intestines
pathogens
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