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Summary GCSE AQA Biology mindmaps
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Detailed and nicely presented biology mindmaps, to ensure you get that grade 9 in biology. Includes all topics 1-7.
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Cell structureEukaryotes and prokaryotes: Culturing microorganisms Stem cells
o Plant and animal cells have a cytoplasm, cell o Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission) as o They are undifferentiated cells
membrane and genetic material enclosed in a often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough o Stem cells from human embryo can b
nucleus nutrients to differentiate into any human cell
o Bacterial cells are much smaller in comparison, o Bacteria can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as o Stem cells from adult bone barrow c
they have a cytoplasm and cell membrane colonies on an agar gel plate of cells
surrounded by a cell wall, the genetic material o Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms investigate o Meristem tissues in plants can differe
is not enclosed in a nucleus, it is a single DNA antibiotics and disinfectants of plant cell, throughout a plant’s life
loop and small rings of DNA called plasmids o Stem cells can help conditions like ne
Alzheimer's, insulin producing cells fo
Microscopy neuron cells for paralysis
Animal and plant cells o Size of image = magnification x size of real o In therapeutic cloning an embryo’s p
o Nucleus object same genes as the patient
o Cytoplasm
o Electron microscope has a high magnification o Transfer of virus is a risk factor
o Cell membrane and resolution
Biology 1
o Mitochondria
o Ribosomes
Plant cells
o Chloroplasts
o Vacuole Diffusion
o Cell wall Cell differentiation o The spreading out of p
o Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage Active transport net movement from an
o Plant cells retain the ability to differentiate o Moves substances from a more dilute concentration to an ar
Cell specialisation throughout life solution to a more concentrated concentration
In animal cells: o In mature animals, cell division is mainly solution against a concentration
o Sperm cells – long tail, lots of mitochondria restricted to replace and repair gradient, using energy
o Nerve cells – extensions so that it can
communicate with other nerve cells
Chromosomes
o Muscle cells – layers of fibres allow contraction Osmosis
o The nucleus of a cell contains
In plant cells: o Water may move across cell mem
chromosomes made of DNA molecules,
o Root hair cells – extension increases surface area via osmosis, osmosis is the diffusi
carrying a large number of genes found
to maximise absorption water from a dilute solution to a
in pairs
o Xylem cells – thick, woody side walls to concentrated solution through a p
The cell cycle:
strengthen the stem and prevent collapse permeable membrane
o Interphase
o Phloem cells – sieve plates allow the
o Mitosis
transportation of sugars
o cytokinesis
, Principles of organisation Plant tissues
o Cells are the basic building blocks of all living The blood contains o epidermal tissue – protect against water loss, regulates gas
organisms o Plasma exchange, water and mineral uptake – outermost layer
o A tissue is a group of cells with a similar structure o Red blood cells o Palisade mesophyll – site of photosynthesis – upper leaf surface
and function o White blood cells o Spongey mesophyll – gas exchange – bottom of leaf where gas
o Organs are aggregations of tissues performing o Platelets enters through the stomata
specific functions o Meristem tissue – stem cells produced for growth – growing roots
o Organs are organised into organ systems, which and shoots
work together to form organisms
Coronary heart disease Root hair cells
o Can lead to a heart attack o Adapted for the efficient uptake of water by osm
The digestive system o Fatty material builds up in the by active transport
o Amylase breaks down starch into maltase coronary arteries, narrowing them and o Thin - short diffusion distance
o Protease breaks down proteins into amino reducing flexibility of the artery lining, o Long - penetrate between soil particles to reach
acids reducing blood flow for respiration o Large surface area - maximise osmosis and active
o Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids o Lots of mitochondria - active transport
Biology 2
and glycerol
o Bile neutralises the acid in the small
intestine from the stomach and emulsifies
fats
Xylem and phloem
The heart o found together in the vascular bundle
o The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated Health issues o Xylem tissue transports water and mineral ions up
blood to the lungs for gas exchange o Defects in the immune system mean leaves
o The left ventricle pumps oxygenated that an individual is more likely to o Hollow tubes without end walls
blood around the rest of the body where have an infectious disease o Tube walls strengthened by lignin
body cells use the oxygen for aerobic o Viruses living in cells can trigger o Phloem tissue transports dissolved sucrose from t
respiration cancer the plant for use or storage, this is called transloca
o Immune reactions can trigger o Tubes of elongated cells
allergies o Cell sap can move from one cell to the next throug
Cancer o Severe physical ill health can lead to end walls
o Result of changes in cells that lead to mental illness
uncontrollable growth
Transpiration and translocation
o Benign – non-cancerous (it is contained in o The movement of water through a plant occurs through transpiration, where
one area) water is pulled through the plant as it is continually released from the leaves
o Malignant – cancerous through stomata
o Stomata control gas exchange and water loss by opening and closing, which is
controlled by guard cells
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