NURS 5315 UTA Exam 2 Questions with 100% Correct Answers 2024 HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - answer✔✔can use urine, saliva, or serum (most accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate 4th generation immunoassay - "gold standard" measures P24 antigen can test 10 days post exposure Mast cell - answer✔✔Cellular bags of granules loca ted in loose connective tisssue close to blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process. Histamine - answer✔✔Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood flow to the site of injury - causes erythema and swelling. Cytokines - answer✔✔Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro -inflammatory or anti -inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed. Leukotrines - answer✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target of inhibition for singular. Prostaglandins - answer✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the arachidonic path way. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and fever. Chemotactic factors - answer✔✔Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of inflammation Neutrophils - answer✔✔Predominant leukocyte at work during the early s tages of acute inflammation Monocytes - answer✔✔Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T -cell immunity and B -cell immunity. Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF. Cytokine IL1 f unction - answer✔✔Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also increases the release of IL6a Cytokine IL6 function - answer✔✔Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs Cytokine TNF function - answer✔✔Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis Cytokine growth factor function - answer✔✔Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils Complement - answer✔✔Functions include bacter ial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization. Kinin - answer✔✔Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis, and it increases vascular permeability and va sodilation. Coagulation cascade - answer✔✔Factor XII activates kinin. Function is to form fibrin mesh to stop bleeding and trap micro organisms. COX1 - answer✔✔Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Provides gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, fluid/ele ctrolyte balance COX2 - answer✔✔Prostaglandin of arachidonic pathway. Responsible for pain, fever, renal protection, tissue repair, reproduction development. COX2 inhibitors - clinical implications - answer✔✔Protect gastric mucosa - prevent ulcers and bleeding. Removed from market r/t cardiac events except for Celebrex. Can impair renal function , monitor labs. Arachidonic pathway purpose - answer✔✔Synthesis of p rostaglandins Non -selective NSAIDS - answer✔✔Inhibit COX1 and COX2, risk for gastric ulceration, GI bleeds, edema, renal impairment ASA - answer✔✔Blocks COX1 and COX2, also inhibits Thromboxane A2 and prostaglandins Corticosteroids - answer✔✔Inhibit phosph olipase A2, preventing formation of prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, and leukotrines Thromboxane - answer✔✔Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation Prostacyclin - answer✔✔Vasodilation, platelet aggregation (most effective one) Type 1 hypersensit ivity - answer✔✔E. Immediate response to allergen, food, meds, pollen, asthma, allergic reactions
