NR 325 Exam 1 2023
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone [GH], cortisol work against the effects of insulin
There are several hormones that combat insulin that are known as counterregulatory hormones,
what are they?
These hormones increase blood glucose levels by (1) stimulating glucose produc...
NR 325 Exam 1 2023
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone [GH], cortisol work against the effects of insulin
There are several hormones that combat insulin that are known as counterregulatory hormones,
what are they?
These hormones increase blood glucose levels by (1) stimulating glucose production and release
by the liver and (2) decreasing the movement of glucose into the cells. The counterregulatory
hormones and insulin work together to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range
How do the counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) work
against the effects of insulin?
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Pancreatic β-cell function and insulin levels.
Measuring C-peptide in serum and urine is a useful clinical indicator of what?
stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus
What does the posterior pituitary gland store/ secrete?
growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin
corticotropin
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
prolactin
What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), collectively referred to as thyroid hormone, are the
body's major metabolic hormones.
Calcitonin maintains the blood calcium level by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone
(decreasing serum calcium)
The two lobes of the thyroid function as one unit to produce two hormones, what are they?
The serum albumin; Part of the total calcium is bound to albumin, so hypoalbuminemia can lead
to misinterpretation of calcium levels.
Which additional information should the nurse consider when reviewing the laboratory results
for a patient's total calcium level?
Avoided; When the patient is ketotic, exercise may result in an increase in blood glucose level.
If a type one diabetic patient has ketones in their urine, should exercise be encouraged or
avoided?
The most important goal is to reduce the patient's hemoglobin level to less than 7..
, What is the most important goal for the nurse to incorporate when caring for a patient with type 2
diabetes and a BMI of 31?
a rise in serum creatinine and/or a reduction in urine output. AKI can develop over hours or days
with progressive elevations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and potassium with or
without a reduction in urine output.
AKI is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. This loss is accompanied by...
An accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (urea nitrogen, creatinine) in the blood.
The severity of dysfunction with AKI can range from a small increase in serum creatinine or
reduction in urine output to the development of azotemia, which is what?
hypovolemia, or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent
AKI often follows severe, prolonged hypotension, and what two other things?
prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes
There are three categories of causes of AKI, what are they?
Acute tubular necrosis
What is the MOST common cause of AKI?
Diabetic nephropathy
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?
GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for >3 mo
AND/OR
Kidney damage >3 mo
What are the diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease?
systemic circulation, causing a reduction in renal blood flow. The decrease in blood flow leads to
decreased glomerular perfusion and filtration of the kidneys.
Prerenal causes of AKI are factors that reduce...
oliguric, diuretic, and recovery. When a patient does not recover from AKI, CKD may develop.
Clinically, AKI may progress through phases, what are they?
the neck veins may become distended with a bounding pulse. Edema and hypertension may
develop. Fluid overload can eventually lead to HF, pulmonary edema, and pericardial and pleural
effusions.
Hypovolemia (volume depletion) has the potential to worsen all forms of AKI. Fluid replacement
is often enough to treat many forms of AKI, especially prerenal causes. When urine output
decreases, fluid retention occurs. The severity of the manifestations depends on the extent of the
fluid overload. In the case of reduced urine output (anuria and oliguria), what are things that may
happen?
Damaged tubules cannot conserve sodium. Urinary sodium excretion may increase, resulting in
normal or below-normal levels of serum sodium. Excess sodium intake is avoided because it can
lead to volume expansion, hypertension, and HF. Uncontrolled hyponatremia or water excess can
lead to cerebral edema.
What happens to sodium balance with impaired kidneys?
The kidneys normally excrete 80% to 90% of the body's potassium. In AKI the serum potassium
level increases because the kidney's normal ability to excrete potassium is impaired.
What happens to potassium levels with impaired kidneys?
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