Medical Surgical Nursing 2023Medical Surgical Nursing 2023
What is hypermetropia? - CORRECT ANSWERS long sitedness, whereby light ray
convergence at a point after the retina, and therfore out of focus. Nearby objects
apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
- CORRECT ANSWERS
what is...
What is hypermetropia? - CORRECT ANSWERS long sitedness, whereby light ray
convergence at a point after the retina, and therfore out of focus. Nearby objects
apphear blurry while distant objects are clearer
- CORRECT ANSWERS
what is myopia? - CORRECT ANSWERS near/short sightedness, close is clear, far is
blurry
-usual starts in puberty and gets worse untill eye is fully grown. also in very young
children.
conditions associated with myopia? - CORRECT ANSWERS squint- childhood eyes
point in diff. directions.
lazy eyechildhood, one eye. doesnt develop properly
glaucoma - IOC pressure.
cataracts - develpoment of cloudy atches inside lense.
Retinal detachment - wherby retina pulls awat from the blood vessel that nourish it
What is astigmatism? - CORRECT ANSWERS Failure to converge image at one point
on the fovea (likea refraction rather than focusing)
Causes of astigmatism? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Hereditary - corneal or lenticular
-Injuries to the cornea, such as infection that scars the cornea
keratoconus & kertoglobus - causes bulgin, thinner and shape change.
Some conditions of the eyelid
others that affect cornea or lense
What is presbyopia? - CORRECT ANSWERS gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus
on nearby objects. It's a natural part of aging 40-65yrs
Aetiology of bacterial conjunctivitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS S.Aureus, Sterp. Pneumo
or H.flu
also STIs chlamydia trachromatis, N.gonnorheae
what is opthalmia neonatorum? - CORRECT ANSWERS chlamydia or gonorrheae
infection from infected birth canal affecting 20-40%
What is Episcleritis ? - CORRECT ANSWERS Inflamationof localiased superficial
episclera vascular network, most commonly diffuse (moderate to sever inflam @1-3
month intervals)
,-Nodular/focal episcleritis (can often present with associated systemic disease)
What are the classification of Allergic conjunctivitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS type 1
hypersensitivity - seasonal (SAC)
perrenial - chronic (PAC)
Atopic - relates to eczema and athsma
gaint pappilary (GPC)
Limbal and tarsal kertaoconjuctivitis (VKC)
What is gaint pappilary Allergica conjunctivitis - CORRECT ANSWERS inner lining of
the eyelid swells and develops small bumps. Known as papillae, these bumps tend to
form after chronic irritation
what can cause a corneal abbration? - CORRECT ANSWERS Direct trauma
Foreign body between eyelid and conjunctiva
Heat by contact
UV radiation (Arc Eye)
What can cause corneal ulcer? - CORRECT ANSWERS can be secondary to abrasive
trauma, pentrating injuries or prolonged use of contact lenses
What are dendritic ulcers? - CORRECT ANSWERS Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
keratitis is the most frequent cause of corneal blindness.
- aggressive treatment -
Symptoms of Dendritic ulcers? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pain
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Tearing
Redness
- with fluorescein staining and has a delicate branching pattern,
Appearance of dendritic ulcer on opthalmoscopy? - CORRECT ANSWERS - infectious
epithelial keratitis (with characteristic dendritic ulcers)
-neurotrophic keratopathy
-stromal keratitis endotheliitis (classified as disciform, diffuse, or linear)
what are the symptoms of keratic precipitates and anterior uveitis - CORRECT
ANSWERS Pain, generally developing over a few hours or days except in cases of
trauma:
Redness
Photophobia
Blurred vision
Increased lacrimation
Chronic anterior uveitis presents primarily as blurred vision and mild redness.
,pain & photophobia normaly only during acute episode.
what are the symptoms of posterior Uveitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS Blurred vision
and floaters
Absence of symptoms of anterior uveitis (ie, pain, redness, and photophobia)
All parts of the posterior chamber may be affected, including the retina, choroid and
optic nerve. It can be caused by bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic infections.
What are the findings of posterior Uveitis upon opthalmoscopy? - CORRECT
ANSWERS posterior uveitis Showing candle wax drippings (white areas)
Anterior uventis is linked to which non infectious diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERS -
Ankyolising spondilitis,
-behcet syndrom (ulcers eye,mouth & genitals),
-IBS,
-Juvenile arthritis, sarcoidosis (Granulomatous disease),
-seronegative arthropathy
Anterior uventis is linked to which infectious diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERS HSV,
SYphilis, TB & varicella zoster
Intermediate uventis (Cillary body to retina) is linked to which non-infectious disease? -
CORRECT ANSWERS Lymphoma, MS and sarcoidosis
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which non-infectious diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERS Behcets
sydrome, lymphoma, sarcoidosis2
Posterior uventis (Retina, retinavvessels) and Panuverntis (iris, cilliary body and choroid
layer) - is linked which infectious diseases? - CORRECT ANSWERS CMV,
endogenous encephalitis, syphalis. TB and varicella zoster
Toxicaris & toxoplasmosis
Workup for suspected uveitis? - CORRECT ANSWERS CBC, ESR, Antinuclear
antibody (ANA),
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL)
Lyme titer
HLA testing for ankylosing spondylarthroses
Chest radiography (to assess for sarcoidosis or tuberculosis)
Urinalysis (for red blood cells or casts)
Infectious workup (eg, HIV, toxoplasmosis), depending on the presentation
, What is a HYPOpyon - CORRECT ANSWERS It is a leukocytic exudate, seen in the
anterior chamber, usually accompanied by redness of the conjunctiva and the
underlying episclera
-often co-inside with behcets disease, endophthalmitis, panuveitis/panopthalmitis &
Averse drug reactions
what are anterior synchiae? - CORRECT ANSWERS Peripheral anterior synechiae
(PAS)
Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork
PAS result from prolonged appositional contact between the iris and trabecular
meshwork
PAS may reduce outflow of aqueous humor
May lead to raised intraocular pressure
What are floaters? - CORRECT ANSWERS Spots, threads, or fragments of cobwebs,
which float slowly before the observer's eyes
commony collagen breaking down to fibrils, retinal tears and tear film debris of
conjuctival surface
what are cateracts and how will a pateint present? - CORRECT ANSWERS Gradual
thickening of the lens.
Hx of progressive residual deteriation and disturbance in night & near vision
charectoristic of senile cataracts? - CORRECT ANSWERS -decreased visual acuity
-glare
-Myopia or myopic shift
- monocular diplopia - abnormal curvature of corneal surface , created double vision in 1
eye!
What is intracapsular extraction? - CORRECT ANSWERS Extraction of entire lens,
including the posterior capsule and zonules,
caries postoperative comlications
What is extracapsular extraction - CORRECT ANSWERS removal of the lens nucleus
through an opening in the anterior capsule and a relatively large limbal incision, with
retention of the integrity of the posterior capsule
What is phacoemulsification - CORRECT ANSWERS extraction of the lens nucleus
through an opening in the anterior capsule; an ultrasonically driven needle is used to
fragment the nucleus of the cataract; the lens substrate is then aspirated through a
needle port via a small limbal or scleral incision
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