ESOL 5362 Study Guide with Questions and Answers negative transfer ✅Which occurs when speakers and writers transfer items and structures that are not the same in both languages. In English, a verb that expresses a state of being (I Am) is used to indicate the age of a person, whereas in several other languages, ,a verb tha t indicates possession (I have) is used. Code Switching ✅the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. "Spanglish" achievement test ✅a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction . Summative Assessment ✅typically given to children after a specific point in instruction to measure their understanding of a subject. High stakes, a midterm exam, a final project Diagnostic Assessments ✅(also know as pre -assessments) provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity Formative Assessment ✅including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. (thumbs up/down, show me) Performance -based assessment ✅performance -based assessments are quite adaptable instruments and are often suitable measures of students' knowledge in content classes. Measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. IATEFL ✅International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL) is an organization in the field of English language learning and teaching. It is based in Britain and was founded in 1967. ACTFL ✅The American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) is dedicated to the improvement and expansion of the teaching and learning of all languages at all levels of instruction. ACTFL is an individual membership organization of more than 12,500 l anguage educators and administrators from elementary through graduate education, as well as government and industry. NAFSA ✅Association of International Educators is the world's largest nonprofit association dedicated to international education and exchange. NAFSA's 10,000 members are located at more than 3,500 institutions worldwide, in over 150 countries. Linguistic Approach ✅a method which assumes that all children have a strong grasp of oral L1. Which is then an associative tool for words and spelling patterns. Language Experience ✅In the Language Experience approach, students orally relate their personal experiences to the teacher; the teacher transcribes these experiences, complete with errors, and then develops other reading and writing activities based on the transcription. This approach allows for the development of materials and activities based on student interests and appropriate to student comprehension levels since they are student generated —without particular attention being paid to form or error correction. Basal Reading Approach ✅a technique used to teach children reading skills. Commonly called "reading books" or "readers," basal readers are short stories, including individual books for learners, a teacher's edition, workbooks, assessments and activities for a specific reading level Allophone ✅any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k. palatalization ✅a sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel, or is triggered by one of them. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. phoneme ✅any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. passive voice ✅A grammatical structure in which the subject and object can change places in order to alter the focus of a sentence e.g. the bone was eaten by the dog (Instead of The dog ate the bone), The enemy was defeated by our troops (instead of Our troops defeated t he enemy) Dipthong ✅a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ). Metathesis ✅Transposition (moving) of sounds in a word Epenthesis ✅the insertion of a sound or letter within a word, e.g., the b in thimble. flapping ✅Flapping/tapping may occur when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels, as in butter, writing, wedding, loader. (tongue taps on roof of mouth) Pidginization ✅is a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact. Redundancy Reduction ✅It has been suggested that a marked parameter in L1 might be reset to an unmarked value in L2. The principle underlying this notion is the Redundancy Reduction Principle (Seliger, 1996). The simple idea behind this theory is that "when two languages come i nto contact within the same psycholinguistic environment, the speaker is forced to solve the duplication of rules and functions in two languages and simplify the cognitive overload" Semantic ✅relating to meaning in language or logic syntactic ✅The arrangement of words and phrases to create well -formed sentences in a language. Semiotics ✅the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation
