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Phonetics general summary
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A general summary of some of the most important theory for phonetics year one. It doesn't go into detail on how to make certain vowel sounds.
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Samenvatting Sounding Better, ISBN: 9789066752764 phonetics (ling 2)plus notities uit college. (LAD3)
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Samenvatting Sounding Better, Ling 5
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Full document General American Phonetics
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Vowels:1. i: - feece – fi:s
2. ɪ - kit - kɪt
3. e – dress - dres
4. æ – trap – træp
5. ɑ: - palm - pɑ:m
6. ɒ - lot - lɒt
7. ɔ: - thought - θɔ:t
8. ʊ - foot - fʊt
9. u: - goose – gu:s
10. ʌ - strut - strʌt
11. 3: - nurse – n3:s
12. ə - bonus – ‘beʊnəs
13. ei – face - feis
14. əʊ - goat - gəʊt
15. aɪ - price - praɪs
16. aʊ - mouth - maʊθ
17. ɔɪ - choice - tʃɔɪs
18. ɪə - near - nɪə
19. eə - square 0 skweə
20. ʊə- cure - kjʊə
21. i – happy – hæpi
/ə/ is also called ‘schwa’ or ‘shwa’
Phonemes: sounds that can distnguish the meaning of a word
Like p and k in stop and stok. The fnal consonant changes the meaning of the word
Allophones: a variaton of the same phoneme (aspirated /p/ and unaspirated /p/
RP; Received Pronunciaton: Britsh accent that is known all over England
GA; General American: the American accent.
Voiced: when a consonant is voiced (it’s usually with weak consonants) there’s a small buzz
that occurs in the larynx.
Voiceless: when a consonant isn’t said with a small buzz in the larynx, strong consonants are
always voiceless.
Homophones: words are differently spelled, but pronounced the same way (heir/air)
Minimal pair: word pair that has one sound different (take/steak)
Aspiraton: when /p t k/ is followed by a small puff of air. It’s shown by a small /h/
Most obvious at the beginning of stressed syllables.
Pie – tea – become [pʰai] – [tʰi:] – [bə’kʰʌm]
Aspiraton can make / l w r/ voiceless in words like clean – quite- true – twice
No aspiraton is the /p t k/ follow an inital /s/, like in the word stop.
, Glottal reinforcement: A brief catch in the throat. When /p t k and tÍ/ are at the end of a
syllable and followed by a consonant, they usually have glotal reinforcement. Shown by a [ʔ]
before the affected consonant. Never used with weak consonants.
Example from my book: Dick said he’d keep the front door locked at night
[‘dɪ?k ‘sed i:d ‘ki:?p ðə frʌn?t ‘dɔ: ‘lɒ?kt ə?t ‘naɪt/
Vocal cords
1 wide open – voiceless consonants
2 vibratng vocal cords (buzz) - voiced consonants and vowels
3 narrow opening - /h/ and whispering
4 briefy closed glots - ‘uh’ glotal stop (football)
The basic rule for a plural -s is that it’s voiced (z) afer a voiced consonant and voiceless afer
a voiceless consonant.
Place of artcclaton
1. Bilabial = lip to lip
2. Labio dental = lip to teeth
3. Dental = tp of tongue to teeth
4. Alveolar = tp of tongue to teeth ridge
5. Post alveolar =tp of tongue to rear of teeth ridge
6. Palate alveolar – front of tongue to front of palate and rear of teeth ridge
7. Palatal – centre of tongue to palate
8. Velar – back of tongue to sof palate
9. Uvular – back of tongue to uvula
10. Glotal – larynx
Het oefen en antwoord bestand staan allebei online onder ‘Place of Artculaton.’
The practce sheet and answer sheet are also uploaded under ‘Place of Artculaton.’
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