BIOD 322 NEUROSCIENCE Anatomy Latest Review Exam Q & A 2024 1. Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving signals? A. Axon B. Dendrite C. Soma D. Myelin Sheath Answer: B. Dendrite Rationale: Dendrites are tree -like extensions at the beginning of a neuron that help to increase the surface area of the cell body and are typically where signals are received from other neurons. 2. What is th e primary function of the myelin sheath? A. To generate electrical impulses B. To receive neurotransmitters C. To protect and insulate axons D. To regulate ion concentrations Answer: C. To protect and insulate axons Rationale: The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that covers the axons of many neurons. It acts as an insulator to increase the speed at which electrical impulses propagate along the nerve cell. 3. Which structure is not part of the central nervous system ? A. Brain B. Spinal Cord C. Ganglion D. Medulla Oblongata Answer: C. Ganglion Rationale: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. A ganglion is a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically link ed by synapses, and is part of the peripheral nervous system. 4. What type of cells form the blood -brain barrier? A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia D. Ependymal cells Answer: A. Astrocytes Rationale: Astrocytes are star -shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord that have many functions, including the formation of the blood -brain barrier, which controls the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the central nervous system. 5. The resting membrane potential is p rimarily determined by the concentration of which ion? A. Sodium (Na+) B. Potassium (K+) C. Calcium (Ca2+) D. Chloride (Cl -) Answer: B. Potassium (K+) Rationale: The resting membrane potential is mainly set by the concentration gradient o f potassium ions, which move out of the cell through potassium channels, leading to a negative charge inside the cell. 6. What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission? A. They generate electrical impulses in the neuron. B. They diffuse across the synaptic cleft to transmit a signal to the next neuron. C. They create the myelin sheath around the axon. D. They are involved in the digestion of cellular waste. Answer: B. They diffuse across the synaptic cleft to t ransmit a signal to the next neuron. Rationale: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released from the neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, the reby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. 7. Which area of the brain is primarily involved in the regulation of balance and coordination? A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus Answer: B. Cerebellum Rationale: The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It is also involved in some cognitive
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