BIOD 210 GENETICS Mutations Latest Review Exam Q & A 2024 1. Which type of mutation involves the replacement of a single nucleotide base with another in DNA? A) Missense mutation B) Nonsense mutation C) Silent mutation D) Frameshift mutation Answer: A) Missense mutation Rationale: A missense mutation involves the substitution of one nucleotide for another, which results in the change of an ami no acid in the protein produced. 2. A frameshift mutation is best described as: A) The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide that does not alter the reading frame B) The substitution of one nucleotide for another C) The insertion or deletion of o ne or more nucleotides that alters the reading frame D) A mutation that has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein Answer: C) The insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides that alters the reading frame Rationale: Frameshift mutat ions result from insertions or deletions of nucleotides that change the reading frame of the gene, often leading to significant changes in the protein product. 3. What is the consequence of a nonsense mutation in a gene? A) It changes an amino acid in the protein. B) It shortens the protein by introducing a premature stop codon. C) It has no effect on the protein. D) It extends the length of the protein. Answer: B) It shortens the protein by introducing a pr emature stop codon. Rationale: Nonsense mutations introduce a stop codon prematurely, which truncates the protein, potentially leading to loss of function. 4. Which mutation is likely to have the least effect on the function of a protein? A) Missens e mutation B) Nonsense mutation C) Silent mutation D) Frameshift mutation Answer: C) Silent mutation Rationale: Silent mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of a protein, so they are less likely to affect its function. 5. A patien t's genetic test reveals a single base pair deletion in a critical gene. This type of mutation is classified as a: A) Point mutation B) Chromosomal mutation C) Frameshift mutation D) Silent mutation Answer: C) Frameshift mutation Rational e: A single base pair deletion is a type of frameshift mutation, which can significantly alter the protein product by shifting the reading frame. 6. In the context of mutations, what does 'conservative' mean in a conservative missense mutation? A) The mutation conserves the overall structure of the protein. B) The mutation does not change the amino acid sequence. C) The mutation leads to a change in the protein that conserves its function. D) The mutation is inherited conservatively without any changes. Answer: C) The mutation leads to a change in the protein that conserves its function. Rationale: In a conservative missense mutation, the altered amino acid has similar properties to the original, which often allows the protein to retain its function. 7. Which type of mutation is most likely to result from a mutagen that causes chemical changes in more than one base pair? A) Point mutation B) Silent mutation C) Frameshift mu tation D) Chromosomal mutation Answer: D) Chromosomal mutation Rationale: Chromosomal mutations involve changes to larger sections of
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