1. In the U.S., diarrhea accounts for ~20% of acute medical visits for children
< 2 years old: 220,000 hospitalized per year
300 deaths per year
Deaths occur more commonly in children coming from lower socioeconomic
classes 2. Common Etiologies of Diarrhea: Osmotic, secretory, altered motility,
inflammatory/infectious
In reality, both osmotic and secretory components are present in many cases of
diarrhea.
3. Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE): A syndrome of inflammatory / secretory
diarrhea (and typically vomiting)
Diarrhea may contain blood or mucous
4. Acute AGE: Comes on suddenly
Diarrhea resolves within 2 weeks
, Pediatric Gastroenteritis & Dehydration
5. Viral Etiology of AGE: Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, Adenovirus, Hepatitis A
(TRAVELER'S DIARRHEA)
There is currently a Norovirus outbreak implicated in thousands of cases of AGE
across the US
Rotavirus is the most frequently identified pathogen in children requiring
hospitalization (usually during winter months)
6. Bacterial Etiology of AGE: Campylobacter, E. Coli, Salmonella, Shigella,
Aeromonas
Shigella can cause seizures in infants and toddlers with AGE
Most bacterial sources elaborate enterotoxins - increase water/electolyte flux
across enterocytes
7. Parasite Etiology of AGE: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba
8. Viral AGE: Typically short incubation period: 1-2 days
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