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Summary Biology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Chapters 1-17 - Biology

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  • Biology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Chapters 1-17

Best summary for Biology course Size of cell? What is a cell?,Type of cells ?, Genes. Well elaborated and detailed notes. Best Resource for your success 100% A+

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  • No
  • Cell
  • March 31, 2024
  • 95
  • 2023/2024
  • Summary

Subjects

  • bio
  • biology
  • cell
  • biology cell

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  • Exam (elaborations) Biology 121 Biology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Chapters 1-17
  • CELL-BIOLOGY-AND-GENETICS
  • cell_bio_cheat_sheet_summary_cell_biology_and_genetics.
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Contents

1 Size of cells 3
1.1 Size of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Related reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 What is a cell? 5

3 What is the difference between elements? 7

4 What is living? 9
4.1 Seven Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Virus Controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 The cell is alive, what about parts of it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 What is interesting about cell biology? 15
5.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 Types of cells 17

7 Prokaryotes 19
7.1 Cell Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.2 Reproduction and Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.3 Transformation and Transduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.4 Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7.5 The Role of Oxygen In Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.6 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

8 Bacteria 25
8.1 Archaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.2 Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9 Eukaryotes 29
9.1 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.2 Animal Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
9.3 Plant Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
9.4 Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.5 Ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.6 The Endomembrane System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.8 Golgi Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.9 Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.10 Vacuoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36



III

,Contents


9.11 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.12 Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
9.13 Cell Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
9.14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

10 Unique Properties of Plant Cells 41
10.1 Chloroplasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.2 Vacuoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.3 Cell walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

11 Parts of the cell 43

12 Membranes 45
12.1 The Cell Membrane is Asymmetric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
12.2 Important aspects of Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

13 Organelles 49
13.1 Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
13.2 Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
13.3 Ribosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
13.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
13.5 Golgi Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
13.6 Vacuole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
13.7 Peroxisomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
13.8 Lysosomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
13.9 Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

14 Genetic material 53

15 Energy supply (chloroplasts and mitochondria) 55

16 Cell division 57

17 Cell cycle 59
17.1 From Wikipedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
17.2 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
17.3 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
17.4 Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
17.5 Details of mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
17.6 Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
17.7 Binary Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
17.8 The Evolution of Mitosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
17.9 The Cell Cycle Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
17.10 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

18 Meiosis 67
18.1 Crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67




IV

, Contents


19 Mitosis 69
19.1 Prophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
19.2 Prometaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
19.3 Metaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
19.4 Anaphase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
19.5 Telophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
19.6 Cytokinesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
19.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

20 Genes 75

21 Expression 77

22 Translation 81

23 Contributors 83

List of Figures 87

24 Licenses 91
24.1 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
24.2 GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
24.3 GNU Lesser General Public License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93




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