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Summary An Introduction to Zoology - Cell cycle
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Cell Growth and Division:Seasons in the Cell Cycle: Interphase and Mitosis
The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell
leading to its division and duplication. It consists of four main
stages: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase. The first
three stages are collectively known as interphase, and the
last stage is mitosis .
Interphase
I nterphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle, where the
cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and prepares for division.
It is divided into three sub-phases:
1. G1 phase (gap 1): The cell grows in size, and
synthesizes mRNA and proteins necessary for DNA
replication.
, 2. S phase (synthesis): The cell replicates its DNA,
ensuring that the two future daughter cells will have the
exact same genetic material.
3. G2 phase (gap 2): The cell grows more, checks for any
errors in the DNA, and prepares for mitosis by producing
more organelles and proteins.
Mitosis
Mitosis is the process where the replicated DNA is separated into
two equal sets in two nuclei. It consists of four main stages:
Prophase: The chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the
nuclear envelope starts to break down.
Prometaphase: The nuclear envelope is completely broken down,
and the mitotic spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes’
kinetochores.
Metaphase: The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate,
ensuring equal distribution between the two future daughter cells.
Anaphase: The sister chromatids are separated and pulled
towards opposite poles of the cell by the mitotic spindle fibers.
Telophase: The chromosomes reach the poles and start to
decondense. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of
chromosomes.
The Role of DNA in Cell Division
DNA plays a crucial role in cell division, as it carries the genetic
information that must be accurately passed on to the daughter
cells. During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs,
creating two identical copies of the genetic material. These
copies, called sister chromatids, are held together by a protein
structure called a centromere. During mitosis, the sister
chromatids are separated and distributed equally to the two
future daughter cells.
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