Class notes
Radiology
- Course
- Institution
Basics of radiology, how to study radiology, MRI scans , CT scan , x-ray, Usg, study of fractures , tumors, cancer cells , and more of disease
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Rishi207
Content preview
RADIOLOGY QUICK REVISION NOTESGENERAL RADIOLOGY Effects of radiation
STOCHASTIC “chance” DETERMINISTIC
Mechanism of action of ionizing
No threshold Threshold exists
radiation
Probability increases with Severity increases with
1. DNA damage -- ds DNA damage (M/C)Q dose dose
2. Free radicals damage Delayed Immediate
Cancer, Genetic mutations Skin erythema (M/C),
“All or none” Cataracts, epilation.
Ionising radiation
RAYS PARTICULATE MATTER
Cosmic rays γ-rays X-rays Radiotherapy
•• a particles
•• Background •• Nuclear medicine scan •• Radiographs •• β particles
radiationQ - Scintigraphy •• Fluoroscopy •• Neutrons
- SPECT •• DSA •• Protons
•• PET •• CT
Modalities Using Ionising Radiation
NON-IONISINGQ IONISING : X-RAYS IONISING : GAMMA RAYS
- USG - Radiography - Scintigraphy
- MRI - CT scan - SPECT
- Thermography - Fluoroscopy / Contrast study - PET scan
eg; HSG/ ERCP/ IVP
- DEXA scan
Radiation Unit
Entity SI Unit Conventional unit
Radioactivity Becquerel / Disintegration per Curie
second (dps) 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Exposure Coulomb/Kg Roentgen
(basically means ionization)
Absorbed dose GrayQ Rad
Air kerma 1 Gy = 100 Rad
(ABG RAD)
Equivalent Sievert (Sv) Rem
1 Sv = 100 Rem
Effective dose Sv Rem
, 10
Radiology
Maximum permissible dose according to AERB
(Atomic Energy Regulatory Board)
Occupational Exposure Public Exposure
Overall 20 mSv/year averaged over 5 consecutive years Q 1 mSv / year
- 30 mSv in any single year
Lens 150 mSv in a year 15 mSv / year
Skin, Extremities 500 mSv in a year 50 mSv / year
Pregnant female 2 mSv / yearQ 1 mSv / year
Fetus 1 mSv / year 0.5 mSv / year
Thermoluminiscent Dosimeter / TLD BADGE
•• Made up of:- CaSO4: Dysprosium (LiF can also be used)
•• 3 monthly
•• Worn below the lead apron at the level of the chest.Q
LEAD Apron
•• Minimum thickness: 0.25 mmQ
•• M/C thickness used: 0.5 mm
Basics of imaging modalities -
Modality X-ray CT MRI USG
Ionising Radiation √ √ x X
Overall Status Initial IOC: IOC: Initial / Best
investigation; - Acute - Brain/ Spine / - GB
- Air haemorrhage Nerve - Fluid/cyst
- Ortho - Foreign body
- Ca2+
,104
Cerebellum Quick Revision Notes
Thumb rules: X-ray
EMERGENCIES – AIR MSK FOREIGN BODY LINES & TUBES
- Pneumothorax - Fracture Initial - X-ray - Best – X-rayQ
- Pneumoperitoneum - Bone Tumor IOC-NCCTQ Exception:-
- Intestinal obstruction - Arthritis CI-MRIQ ET Tube → ET Co2
Thumb rules: CT
IOC → NCCT
CALCIUM BONE FOREIGN BODY ACUTE HEMORRHAGE AIR
- Intracranial Ca2+ - Fracture - IOC: Head traumaQ Lung pathology
- Renal / Ureteric except- C/I → MRI - Initial: StrokeQ
stones HRCT – IOC: ILD,
stress fracture Q
- Salivary stonesQ Bronchiectasis,
except- COVID-19Q
- Osteoid osteoma
Gall stone (USG)
Periventricular calcification: Left ureteric calculus Left intraocular Right acute EDH
Congenital CMV metalic foreign body left acute SDH
, 10
Radiology
NCCT: CECT: CT ANGIOGRAPHY:
-IOC for head, spine trauma (Q) Lung Tumors Aortic dissectionQ
-IOC for acute SAH (Q) Renal Tumors Aortic aneurysmQ
-IOC for intracranial calcification (Q) Pancreatic Carcinoma Pulmonary embolism
-IOC for renal calculi Liver Tumors Mesenteric ischemia
-IOC FOR IOFB Mediastinal Masses Sequestration
-IOC for bone cortex Acute Pancreatitis
-Initial Investigation in stroke (Q)
MRI
Sequences of MRI
•• Since bones are black, it is MRI
•• Once recognized that it is MRI, look at the CSF.
•• CSF is white, it is T2 (Water, Fluid is white on T2: WW2)
T1 T2 FLAIR
- Grey matter: Grey - Grey matter: White - CSF in the ventricles is suppressed
- White matter: White - White matter: Grey - Periventricular white matter is hyperintense
- T1 follows the anatomy - FLAIR helps to pick oedema in the
periventricular area
- Helps in demyelinating lesions as in Multiple
sclerosis (Dawson fingers)
STIR (Short Tau Inversion Sequence MRI)
•• T2 WI MRI in which fat signal is suppressed
•• IOC → Bone marrow oedema -- Osteomyelitis, Sacroiliitis, Stress fracture
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Rishi207. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.09. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75759 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now