, Question 1
"Laws, as opposed to social standards, are official regulations that are upheld by the
government. They are uniformly applied within a jurisdiction, institutionalized, and
supported by state authority. Laws, unlike changing societal norms, go through
formal formation and amending processes. Penalties for infractions may be imposed,
and their execution is dependent on official institutions."
Question 2
2.1. a
An arbitrary concept that denotes a political authority in charge of a certain area and
populace is called a "state." Its foundation is the social contract hypothesis,
according to which members of a community voluntarily or implicitly agree to give up
some liberties in return for safety, law, and the advancement of shared interests.
This agreement creates the legitimacy of the state's power, as judged by citizens by
their engagement in social structures and adherence to the law. This consent is
considered to exist based on people's continuing interactions and behaviours inside
the state's framework, growing over time to reflect shifting society dynamics and
values, even though it may not always be a clear, explicit contract. As a result, this
presumed agreement—which recognizes the acceptance of power and governance
within a society—is the foundation of the idea of the state.
2.2
The interests of the ruling class or dominant economic elite are primarily served by
the laws of South Africa, particularly the country's Constitution. Even though there
have been post-apartheid advances in democracy and equality, there are still
substantial socioeconomic gaps, with a small minority controlling the majority of the
economy. Property laws, regulatory frameworks, and economic policies frequently
encourage wealth accumulation and protection, mainly helping the well-off. Although
social justice and equality are upheld by the Constitution, these factors may have an
impact on how well it is implemented, which raises concerns about how well it serves
underprivileged populations. Because of this, although though the Constitution is
meant to benefit all South Africans, in reality, its implementation often reflects the
goals and interests of the ruling class in society.
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