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PA (ASCP) Certification Exam|306 Questions and Answers
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PA (ASCP) Certification Exam|306Questions and Answers
Hypertrophy - -Increased cell and organ size, often in response to increased
workload: induced by mechanical stress and by growth factors; occurs in
tissue incapable of cell division
-Hyperplasia - -Increased cell numbers in response to hormones and other
growth factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide
-Atrophy - -Decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient
supply or disuse: associated with decreased synthesis and increased
proteolytic breakdown of cellular organelles
-Metaplasia - -Change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often a response
to chronic irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
-Hypoxia - -Oxygen deficiency which interferes with aerobic oxidative
respirations and is an extremely important and common cause of cell injury
and death
-Ischemic - -Loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or
reduced venous drainage
-Coagulative necrosis - -A form of tissue necrosis in which the component
cells are dead but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least
several days
-Liquefactive necrosis - -A form of necrosis seen in focal bacterial or
occasionally fungal infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation
of inflammatory cells and the enzymes of leukocytes digest the tissue
-Caseous necrosis - -A form of necrosis encountered most often in foci of
tuberculous infections
-Fat necrosis - -Term referring to focal areas of fat destruction, typically
resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal
cavity
-Fibrinous necrosis - -A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune
reactions involving blood vessels
-Autophagy - -Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
, -Apoptosis - -A pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated
suicide program in which the cells destined to die activate enzymes capable
of degrading the cells own nuclear DNA
-Steatosis (fatty change) - -Refers to any abnormal accumulation of
triglycerides within parenchymal cells It is most often seen in the liver
-Dystrophic calcification - -Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and
necrosis
-Metastatic calcification - -Deposition of calcium in normal tissues, caused
by hypercalcemia (usually a consequence of parathyroid hormone excess)
-Inflammation - -A protective response intended to eliminate the initial
cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the
original insult
-Acute inflammation - -A rapid response to injury or microbes and other
foreign substance that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins
to sites of injury
-Serous inflammation - -Fluid in a serous cavity
Serous inflammation is marked by fluid transudates, reflecting moderately
increased vascular permeability. Such accumulations in the peritoneal,
pleural, and pericardial cavities are called effusions;
-Effusion - -Fluid in a serous cavity ,
-Fibrinous inflammation - -Inflammation occurring as a consequence of
more severe injuries, resulting in greater vascular permeability that allows
large molecules (such as fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier
-Abscess - -Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding of
pyogenic organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
-Ulcer - -A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue
that is produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic
tissue
-Cytokines - -Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as
mediators of inflammation and immune responses
-Chronic inflammation - -Prolonged inflammation in which active
inflammation, tissue injury, and healing proceed simultaneously
, -Granulomatous inflammation - -A distinctive pattern of chronic
inflammation characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that
assume an epithelioid appearance
-Repair - -The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
-Regeneration - -The process of replacing damaged tissue components and
essentially returning to a normal state
-Fibrosis - -The extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs,
liver, kidney and other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation
-Angiogenesis - -A critical process in healing at sites of ischemia where a
preexisting vessel sends out capillary sprouts to produce new vessels
-Keloid - -A prominent raised scar caused by the accumulation of exuberant
amounts of collagen
-Edema - -Significant increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
-Anasarca - -Severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous
tissue swelling
-Hyperemia - -A local increase in blood volume that is an active process
from augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation
-Congestion - -A local increase in blood volume that is a passive process
resulting from impaired venous return out of a tissue
-Hematoma - -The accumulation of blood confined within a tissue after a
hemorrhage
-Normal hemostasis - -A tightly regulated process that maintains blood in a
fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels while inducing the rapid formation of a
localized hemostatic plug at the site of vascular injury
-Thrombosis - -Blood clot (thrombus) formation in uninjured vessels or
thrombotic occlusion of a vessel after relatively minor injury
-Lines of Zahn - -The grossly and microscopically apparent lamination in a
thrombi representing pale platelet and fibrin layers alternating with darker
erythrocyte-rich layers
-Embolism - -A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is
carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
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